12 ms·

Raspberry Pi microSD card performance comparison

270 points by geerlingguy 9y ago

TheForumTroll 9y ago
Interesting. I wonder how bad the other cards are in comparison to not warrant a test at all.
- jzawodn 9y ago
  Yeah, same here.
- geerlingguy 9y ago
  See my post from 2015: https://www.jeffgeerling.com/blogs/jeff-geerling/raspberry-pi-microsd-card https://www.jeffgeerling.com/blogs/jeff-geerling/raspberry-p... I re-tested a couple of the cards (notably, the Sony and Kingston cards), and they were just as painfully slow. The benchmarks took like 20 minutes (with the faster cards they only take 3-4 min). If you use knockoff cards (no brand at all, like one that came with one of my cheap drones), the performance is so abysmally slow you might think the Pi locked up for a few hours.
  - kobayashi 9y ago
    Do you think that these top-tier cards are necessary for use in a Pi-Hole in an average home? Or is something like a Lexar card good enough?
    - khedoros1 9y ago
      Pi-Hole ends up booting, then probably mostly running in RAM, anyhow, right? I think it's just running as a DNS proxy. So you'd slow down your initial boot, but probably not hurt performance of the device much (unless I'm wrong, and it does need to read and write data often).
VMG 9y ago
wondering if I should just mount my external spinning platter hdd as root instead
jscheel 9y ago
I would just be happy if my rpi would not randomly corrupt the memory card for no reason all the time. Have it on a quality adapter, hooked up to a ups, with a quality card, yet it still corrupts itself for no reason.
- msumpter 9y ago
  And that's why I moved over to MMC based Pi clones (specifically the Rock64), I am overly tired of SD cards mysteriously corrupting themselves. As of yet, I haven't had an MMC go upside down, but that's certainly far from guaranteed as well.
  - zwieback 9y ago
    Do you know how much of that is due to connector and signal paths? I worked on a design that had soldered on eMMC and it was rock solid (and 8 bit wide) but I always assumed SD problems were due more to the flaky form factor. Is there a standard for removable eMMC modules?
    - dbuder 9y ago
      Yes it's like one of those double row press fit connectors usually used for displays in phones that fit better than they look like they will. If you are soldering in your first question is why am I using eMMC. SBC computers are a good use case for it imo.
  - copperx 9y ago
    Is it possible for the rPi to boot from a USB device? One solution would be to hook it up to a $20 32GB SSD drive instead of relying on an SD card.
    - wolrah 9y ago
      Depends on the model, or actually technically it depends on the bootcode but which version is preloaded depends on the model. The brand new Pi 3B+ ships with the latest bootcode and will boot from USB mass storage or PXE by default. Their PXE is a bit nonstandard but it's close enough that anyone who's PXE booted a PC will understand it. The older Pi 3 supports USB and PXE booting, but has those modes disabled by default. There's a bit you can set in one-time programmable memory to enable it permanently. PXE booting has some quirks in this mode and doesn't get along with switches that take more than a second or so to activate ports. Earlier models do not support anything but SD on their stock bootcode. In all cases, a SD card containing nothing but the latest bootcode can be inserted which brings the new features to the older models, allowing them to boot the rest of the OS from whatever.
mv4 9y ago
looks like that NOOBS card doesn't perform well at all
- geerlingguy 9y ago
  It's better than the no-name cards, and even slightly faster than some of the secondary-brand cards (Transcend, PNY, Sony, Kingston, Toshiba). It's not a terrible choice for a starter card, but you can get the Evo+ cheaper for the same capacity, if you can stand to flash it yourself :)
rmu09 9y ago
I got 3 Samsung EVOs (from 2015 or so) that got stuck in a kind of "read only" mode after some months in the Pi. All seems normal for some time, but writes are not persisted. After some time linux gets confused and panics. After rebooting, FS is always in exact same state.
- makomk 9y ago
  I had a cheap off-brand Chinese SD card do that a while back. Was very confusing. Surprised that reputable brands do the same thing though.
- cmurf 9y ago
  Same. I have a 32G Samsung EVO+ I use in a NUC with Linux that just went "read only" this week. 10 year warranty, and it's already setup for warranty replacement, which is sorta hilarious seeing as it cost $12, including the adapter (which itself is only warrantied for 1 year). I got 360 days out of the card, non-continuous use. But also interesting, they want the bad card returned to them - they're including a prepaid return shipping label. The usage was just as a boot drive no user data: EFI FAT, ext4 /boot, Btrfs / using zstd and ssd_spread as the mount options. FAT will mount ro or rw, but any writes fail [140718.615921] print_req_error: I/O error, dev mmcblk0, sector 2048 [140718.615998] Buffer I/O error on dev mmcblk0p1, logical block 0, lost sync page write Ext4 is similar but a lot more complaints from the mmc block driver, including an SDHCI REGISTER DUMP [1] which I can't make heads or tails of, but this is somewhat more revealing: [142132.340226] f28s.local kernel: mmc0: Card stuck in wrong state! mmcblk0 card_busy_detect status: 0xf00 Btrfs also has lots of complaints [2] but mainly because it never gives up trying to write. So cancel that and mount with '-o ro,norecovery' and everything is there. One thing you'll see in the Btrfs output, is "corrupt 10" which is not a current event, just a counter that I never reset. A few months ago I did have a data file (not fs metadata) become corrupt which Btrfs caught. I was able to reinstall the RPM that provided that file. So who knows how that corruption would manifest without being caught by the file system. The blkdiscard command succeeds without error, but also doesn't actually do anything, all data is still there. [1] https://drive.google.com/open?id=1Lbypuut21PreXnzHj9uC0x6lxKsgkxnX https://drive.google.com/open?id=1Lbypuut21PreXnzHj9uC0x6lxK... [2] https://drive.google.com/open?id=1340GQN29j8Ougtj_E0ey3A_RUJyPgtvW https://drive.google.com/open?id=1340GQN29j8Ougtj_E0ey3A_RUJ...
tischler 9y ago
Why is that significantly slower than the specs of these SD cards (100-80 MB/s read/write)?
- written 9y ago
  Host side interface limitation.
- bluedino 9y ago
  I'm sure the interface is slower than what you would find in a laptop, but I'm sure the blocksize of 4k/8k isn't helping on those tests.
- geerlingguy 9y ago
  As @written says, there is a huge limitation on the microSD card reader on the Pi itself; but also, in my testing on a UHS-II USB 3.0 card reader on my MacBook Pro, most of the cards can't sustain more than 30-40 MB/s write even if the specs say they can. Large block read speeds are usually pretty accurate, but manufacturers take quite a bit of liberty with their performance claims. And random I/O is pretty terrible in almost every case. Remember that these types of cards are _usually_ optimized for large file I/O since they're used in dashcams, GoPros, and the like—use cases that are vastly different from a general computing device running Linux!
- itakedrugs 9y ago
  The RPi is more then likely the limiting factor... kind of makes the tests useless if you want to figure out which cards are faster
  - geerlingguy 9y ago
    The fastest cards in these tests were also fastest when writing the entire image on my USB 3.0 UHS-II card reader on my Mac. Large file writes are where most of these cards shine, and some can do 40+ MB/s when writing larger blocks of data.
  - khedoros1 9y ago
    If I'm remembering correctly, the Pi's SD reader runs at 50MHz, doing 4-bit transfers, and not using any of the UHS signaling methods, because those use 1.8V signals that the Pi isn't set up to use for SD. > kind of makes the tests useless if you want to figure out which cards are faster But...which card is faster in a USB3 UHS-III transfer isn't useful information for a Raspberry Pi benchmark. It would certainly tell you which cards are faster, but the info wouldn't be directly applicable to what the tests are trying to measure.
mobilemidget 9y ago
Nice test! Perhaps nice to add comparison to network storage/boot?
kobayashi 9y ago
Has anyone found there to be a noticeable difference between a Lexar (or the like) and a Samsung Evo+ when using a Pi-Hole?
- geerlingguy 9y ago
  When using Pi-Hole, the difference isn't that great. It's more network-latency-constrained (and maybe CPU) than anything else. But the difference is so small in my testing with Pi-Hole that I don't think it's worth worrying about _too_ much. For many other use cases, there would be a very large performance delta!
  - kobayashi 9y ago
    Thanks very much — both for this reply and for all your write-ups!
rubatuga 9y ago
Is raspberry pi trapped in its own architecture? The Broadcom SOC chosen 5 years ago may have seemed like a good choice then, but the raspberry pi foundation is now facing an uphill battle since Broadcom doesn’t seem to be providing any significant updates to the raspberry pi, other than clock increases. You have the whole codebase based around this one chip, and I worry that this will mean painful migrations if raspberry pi ever switches to a new architecture
- duskwuff 9y ago
  Er... what? The SoC has received multiple major updates. The Pi 3+ has a a quad-core, 64-bit SoC -- it's the same SoC family as the one in the original Pi, but a rather different CPU core.
  - rubatuga 9y ago
    Okay, sure. They changed the arm core. But the IO, the single USB port (internal), the video core, the lack of sata, poor SD card speed, these all remain.
    - gitgreen 9y ago
      It's a hobbyist computer/learning platform whose biggest draws are price and community support. Demand/support isn't flagging so performance and connectivity doesn't seem to be an issue for the target market. The biggest community wishes were answered, more USB ports and bundled wifi. If the RPi can't keep up with what you're doing there are plenty of other more powerful and more expensive options out there.
      - m-p-3 9y ago
        The problem right now is that you have to choose between good community support or a better/faster SoC. I wish there was a Raspberry Pi 4 with 2x USB 2.0, 1xUSB 3.0, 1xUSB-C 3.0, Gigabit Ethernet and 802.11ac.
        9y ago
bullen 9y ago
Thanks for finally finding the search terms I needed to discover this: https://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/panasonic-electronic-components/RP-SMTT64DA1/P122040-ND/6596412 https://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/panasonic-electron... Looks like my RPi 2 cluster is getting an upgrade!
- bullen 9y ago
  Hold your horses, this is better: https://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/panasonic-electronic-components/RP-SDXE25DA1/P122432-ND/7561402 https://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/panasonic-electron... and http://eshop.sintech.cn/sdhcsd-card-to-micro-sd-tf-extender-adapter-card-for-mobile-pho-p-866.html http://eshop.sintech.cn/sdhcsd-card-to-micro-sd-tf-extender-... or http://www.saikosystems.com/web/p-44-sd-to-microsd-converter.aspx http://www.saikosystems.com/web/p-44-sd-to-microsd-converter... Depending on your location.
amq 9y ago
Would be also interesting to compare power consumption. Different microSD cards can range from 0.06 to 1.34+ mA in idle, which can be more than a microcontroller like ARM M4: https://electronics.stackexchange.com/a/123386 https://electronics.stackexchange.com/a/123386
hyperpallium 9y ago
Is this also applicable for androids? I got a cheapie sdcard, which slowed my phone noticeably. On amazon, reviewers say (as here) that random RW are the key metric, and (at that time), the sandisk sdcards were the best.
- khedoros1 9y ago
  Android phones use the SD card in a more computer-like way than a camera-like way, so random rw is important. There's actually an "app" rating introduced in the last year or two, but I think most manufacturers haven't bothered to get their cards certified yet. But some Sandisk cards now have an "A1" or "A2" marking on them, which represents application performance.
wemdyjreichert 9y ago
This feels like an LTT video.
ChuckMcM 9y ago
This was a good comment from the author -- "I've tested the ODROID-C2, Orange Pi, and am finishing up testing on the ASUS Tinker Board, and all of these boards are leagues beyond the Pi in terms of I/O performance (both networking and local storage). The problem is most of these boards are either priced the same as or more than the Pi 3 B+, and have a much worse initial onboarding experience (grabbing a disk image, flashing the card or onboard memory, first boot, then figuring out where to go next) than what you get with the Pi and it's handy, well-written tutorials." That is the only reason that the Raspberry Pi maintains its position of where it is. It isn't a great computer, it is a great ecosystem. So often when I talk to people about my efforts in that space I get the "but my computer is so much faster than that" and I just nod. When the environment is the same on all machines (like it has been in the WinTel era) then its all about the specs of the machine. But when the environments are all different, its all about the environment.
- digi_owl 9y ago
  Indeed. I can grab RPi and accessories virtually at the local mall (or at least i keep seeing ads for them from various store chains). ODROID? Forget about it, has to order from abroad. Tinker Board, not sure. I think i have seen one specialist online store offer up the Orange PI.
jokoon 9y ago
The debian on rpi should not have its swap on the sd card, clear and simple. A solution would be to have some filesystem on ram, and write new changes/deltas to the SD card either periodically, or at shutdown.
markrb 9y ago
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270 points by geerlingguy 9y ago

TheForumTroll 9y ago

Interesting. I wonder how bad the other cards are in comparison to not warrant a test at all.

jzawodn 9y ago
Yeah, same here.
geerlingguy 9y ago
See my post from 2015: https://www.jeffgeerling.com/blogs/jeff-geerling/raspberry-pi-microsd-card https://www.jeffgeerling.com/blogs/jeff-geerling/raspberry-p... I re-tested a couple of the cards (notably, the Sony and Kingston cards), and they were just as painfully slow. The benchmarks took like 20 minutes (with the faster cards they only take 3-4 min). If you use knockoff cards (no brand at all, like one that came with one of my cheap drones), the performance is so abysmally slow you might think the Pi locked up for a few hours.
- kobayashi 9y ago
  Do you think that these top-tier cards are necessary for use in a Pi-Hole in an average home? Or is something like a Lexar card good enough?
  - khedoros1 9y ago
    Pi-Hole ends up booting, then probably mostly running in RAM, anyhow, right? I think it's just running as a DNS proxy. So you'd slow down your initial boot, but probably not hurt performance of the device much (unless I'm wrong, and it does need to read and write data often).

VMG 9y ago

wondering if I should just mount my external spinning platter hdd as root instead

jscheel 9y ago

I would just be happy if my rpi would not randomly corrupt the memory card for no reason all the time. Have it on a quality adapter, hooked up to a ups, with a quality card, yet it still corrupts itself for no reason.

msumpter 9y ago
And that's why I moved over to MMC based Pi clones (specifically the Rock64), I am overly tired of SD cards mysteriously corrupting themselves. As of yet, I haven't had an MMC go upside down, but that's certainly far from guaranteed as well.
- zwieback 9y ago
  Do you know how much of that is due to connector and signal paths? I worked on a design that had soldered on eMMC and it was rock solid (and 8 bit wide) but I always assumed SD problems were due more to the flaky form factor. Is there a standard for removable eMMC modules?
  - dbuder 9y ago
    Yes it's like one of those double row press fit connectors usually used for displays in phones that fit better than they look like they will. If you are soldering in your first question is why am I using eMMC. SBC computers are a good use case for it imo.
- copperx 9y ago
  Is it possible for the rPi to boot from a USB device? One solution would be to hook it up to a $20 32GB SSD drive instead of relying on an SD card.
  - wolrah 9y ago
    Depends on the model, or actually technically it depends on the bootcode but which version is preloaded depends on the model. The brand new Pi 3B+ ships with the latest bootcode and will boot from USB mass storage or PXE by default. Their PXE is a bit nonstandard but it's close enough that anyone who's PXE booted a PC will understand it. The older Pi 3 supports USB and PXE booting, but has those modes disabled by default. There's a bit you can set in one-time programmable memory to enable it permanently. PXE booting has some quirks in this mode and doesn't get along with switches that take more than a second or so to activate ports. Earlier models do not support anything but SD on their stock bootcode. In all cases, a SD card containing nothing but the latest bootcode can be inserted which brings the new features to the older models, allowing them to boot the rest of the OS from whatever.

mv4 9y ago

looks like that NOOBS card doesn't perform well at all

geerlingguy 9y ago
It's better than the no-name cards, and even slightly faster than some of the secondary-brand cards (Transcend, PNY, Sony, Kingston, Toshiba). It's not a terrible choice for a starter card, but you can get the Evo+ cheaper for the same capacity, if you can stand to flash it yourself :)

rmu09 9y ago

I got 3 Samsung EVOs (from 2015 or so) that got stuck in a kind of "read only" mode after some months in the Pi. All seems normal for some time, but writes are not persisted. After some time linux gets confused and panics. After rebooting, FS is always in exact same state.

makomk 9y ago
I had a cheap off-brand Chinese SD card do that a while back. Was very confusing. Surprised that reputable brands do the same thing though.
cmurf 9y ago
Same. I have a 32G Samsung EVO+ I use in a NUC with Linux that just went "read only" this week. 10 year warranty, and it's already setup for warranty replacement, which is sorta hilarious seeing as it cost $12, including the adapter (which itself is only warrantied for 1 year). I got 360 days out of the card, non-continuous use. But also interesting, they want the bad card returned to them - they're including a prepaid return shipping label. The usage was just as a boot drive no user data: EFI FAT, ext4 /boot, Btrfs / using zstd and ssd_spread as the mount options. FAT will mount ro or rw, but any writes fail [140718.615921] print_req_error: I/O error, dev mmcblk0, sector 2048 [140718.615998] Buffer I/O error on dev mmcblk0p1, logical block 0, lost sync page write Ext4 is similar but a lot more complaints from the mmc block driver, including an SDHCI REGISTER DUMP [1] which I can't make heads or tails of, but this is somewhat more revealing: [142132.340226] f28s.local kernel: mmc0: Card stuck in wrong state! mmcblk0 card_busy_detect status: 0xf00 Btrfs also has lots of complaints [2] but mainly because it never gives up trying to write. So cancel that and mount with '-o ro,norecovery' and everything is there. One thing you'll see in the Btrfs output, is "corrupt 10" which is not a current event, just a counter that I never reset. A few months ago I did have a data file (not fs metadata) become corrupt which Btrfs caught. I was able to reinstall the RPM that provided that file. So who knows how that corruption would manifest without being caught by the file system. The blkdiscard command succeeds without error, but also doesn't actually do anything, all data is still there. [1] https://drive.google.com/open?id=1Lbypuut21PreXnzHj9uC0x6lxKsgkxnX https://drive.google.com/open?id=1Lbypuut21PreXnzHj9uC0x6lxK... [2] https://drive.google.com/open?id=1340GQN29j8Ougtj_E0ey3A_RUJyPgtvW https://drive.google.com/open?id=1340GQN29j8Ougtj_E0ey3A_RUJ...

tischler 9y ago

Why is that significantly slower than the specs of these SD cards (100-80 MB/s read/write)?

written 9y ago
Host side interface limitation.
bluedino 9y ago
I'm sure the interface is slower than what you would find in a laptop, but I'm sure the blocksize of 4k/8k isn't helping on those tests.
geerlingguy 9y ago
As @written says, there is a huge limitation on the microSD card reader on the Pi itself; but also, in my testing on a UHS-II USB 3.0 card reader on my MacBook Pro, most of the cards can't sustain more than 30-40 MB/s write even if the specs say they can. Large block read speeds are usually pretty accurate, but manufacturers take quite a bit of liberty with their performance claims. And random I/O is pretty terrible in almost every case. Remember that these types of cards are _usually_ optimized for large file I/O since they're used in dashcams, GoPros, and the like—use cases that are vastly different from a general computing device running Linux!
itakedrugs 9y ago
The RPi is more then likely the limiting factor... kind of makes the tests useless if you want to figure out which cards are faster
- geerlingguy 9y ago
  The fastest cards in these tests were also fastest when writing the entire image on my USB 3.0 UHS-II card reader on my Mac. Large file writes are where most of these cards shine, and some can do 40+ MB/s when writing larger blocks of data.
- khedoros1 9y ago
  If I'm remembering correctly, the Pi's SD reader runs at 50MHz, doing 4-bit transfers, and not using any of the UHS signaling methods, because those use 1.8V signals that the Pi isn't set up to use for SD. > kind of makes the tests useless if you want to figure out which cards are faster But...which card is faster in a USB3 UHS-III transfer isn't useful information for a Raspberry Pi benchmark. It would certainly tell you which cards are faster, but the info wouldn't be directly applicable to what the tests are trying to measure.

mobilemidget 9y ago

Nice test! Perhaps nice to add comparison to network storage/boot?

kobayashi 9y ago

Has anyone found there to be a noticeable difference between a Lexar (or the like) and a Samsung Evo+ when using a Pi-Hole?

geerlingguy 9y ago
When using Pi-Hole, the difference isn't that great. It's more network-latency-constrained (and maybe CPU) than anything else. But the difference is so small in my testing with Pi-Hole that I don't think it's worth worrying about _too_ much. For many other use cases, there would be a very large performance delta!
- kobayashi 9y ago
  Thanks very much — both for this reply and for all your write-ups!

rubatuga 9y ago

Is raspberry pi trapped in its own architecture? The Broadcom SOC chosen 5 years ago may have seemed like a good choice then, but the raspberry pi foundation is now facing an uphill battle since Broadcom doesn’t seem to be providing any significant updates to the raspberry pi, other than clock increases. You have the whole codebase based around this one chip, and I worry that this will mean painful migrations if raspberry pi ever switches to a new architecture

duskwuff 9y ago
Er... what? The SoC has received multiple major updates. The Pi 3+ has a a quad-core, 64-bit SoC -- it's the same SoC family as the one in the original Pi, but a rather different CPU core.
- rubatuga 9y ago
  Okay, sure. They changed the arm core. But the IO, the single USB port (internal), the video core, the lack of sata, poor SD card speed, these all remain.
  - gitgreen 9y ago
    It's a hobbyist computer/learning platform whose biggest draws are price and community support. Demand/support isn't flagging so performance and connectivity doesn't seem to be an issue for the target market. The biggest community wishes were answered, more USB ports and bundled wifi. If the RPi can't keep up with what you're doing there are plenty of other more powerful and more expensive options out there.
    - m-p-3 9y ago
      The problem right now is that you have to choose between good community support or a better/faster SoC. I wish there was a Raspberry Pi 4 with 2x USB 2.0, 1xUSB 3.0, 1xUSB-C 3.0, Gigabit Ethernet and 802.11ac.
      - 9y ago

bullen 9y ago

Thanks for finally finding the search terms I needed to discover this: https://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/panasonic-electronic-components/RP-SMTT64DA1/P122040-ND/6596412 https://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/panasonic-electron... Looks like my RPi 2 cluster is getting an upgrade!

bullen 9y ago
Hold your horses, this is better: https://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/panasonic-electronic-components/RP-SDXE25DA1/P122432-ND/7561402 https://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/panasonic-electron... and http://eshop.sintech.cn/sdhcsd-card-to-micro-sd-tf-extender-adapter-card-for-mobile-pho-p-866.html http://eshop.sintech.cn/sdhcsd-card-to-micro-sd-tf-extender-... or http://www.saikosystems.com/web/p-44-sd-to-microsd-converter.aspx http://www.saikosystems.com/web/p-44-sd-to-microsd-converter... Depending on your location.

amq 9y ago

Would be also interesting to compare power consumption. Different microSD cards can range from 0.06 to 1.34+ mA in idle, which can be more than a microcontroller like ARM M4: https://electronics.stackexchange.com/a/123386 https://electronics.stackexchange.com/a/123386

hyperpallium 9y ago

Is this also applicable for androids? I got a cheapie sdcard, which slowed my phone noticeably. On amazon, reviewers say (as here) that random RW are the key metric, and (at that time), the sandisk sdcards were the best.

khedoros1 9y ago
Android phones use the SD card in a more computer-like way than a camera-like way, so random rw is important. There's actually an "app" rating introduced in the last year or two, but I think most manufacturers haven't bothered to get their cards certified yet. But some Sandisk cards now have an "A1" or "A2" marking on them, which represents application performance.

wemdyjreichert 9y ago

This feels like an LTT video.

ChuckMcM 9y ago

This was a good comment from the author -- "I've tested the ODROID-C2, Orange Pi, and am finishing up testing on the ASUS Tinker Board, and all of these boards are leagues beyond the Pi in terms of I/O performance (both networking and local storage). The problem is most of these boards are either priced the same as or more than the Pi 3 B+, and have a much worse initial onboarding experience (grabbing a disk image, flashing the card or onboard memory, first boot, then figuring out where to go next) than what you get with the Pi and it's handy, well-written tutorials." That is the only reason that the Raspberry Pi maintains its position of where it is. It isn't a great computer, it is a great ecosystem. So often when I talk to people about my efforts in that space I get the "but my computer is so much faster than that" and I just nod. When the environment is the same on all machines (like it has been in the WinTel era) then its all about the specs of the machine. But when the environments are all different, its all about the environment.

digi_owl 9y ago
Indeed. I can grab RPi and accessories virtually at the local mall (or at least i keep seeing ads for them from various store chains). ODROID? Forget about it, has to order from abroad. Tinker Board, not sure. I think i have seen one specialist online store offer up the Orange PI.

jokoon 9y ago

The debian on rpi should not have its swap on the sd card, clear and simple. A solution would be to have some filesystem on ram, and write new changes/deltas to the SD card either periodically, or at shutdown.

markrb 9y ago

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