7 ms·

Making Graphics Like it's 1993

955 points by sklopec 4mo ago

RishiByte 4mo ago
[flagged]
functionmouse 4mo ago
cool cat game what's unreasonable about this though?
rob74 4mo ago
This is taking a lot of inspiration from Doom, but the actual raycasting engine is more like Doom's predecessors, the most well-known of which is probably Wolfenstein 3D: perpendicular walls, constant floor and ceiling height. Wolf3D didn't have textured floors and ceilings because of performance reasons, but several other similar games had them. Doom and IIRC Duke Nukem as well used a BSP engine which was much more flexible (walls could intersect at any angle, variable floor and ceiling heights), although the levels were still "flat" (you couldn't have several "stories" inside a level, e.g. you couldn't design a bridge that you could walk over and under).
- scrumper 4mo ago
  I thought at first it was just a skinned Wolfenstein 3D. Which is grossly unfair. A lot of work here.
- Grumbledour 4mo ago
  Later on, in Shadow Warrior, you could even do that, i think they used portals to implement it and i remeber it was a pain to set up in the editor.
  - kridsdale1 4mo ago
    That did give us our first software rendered transparent water rooms though (Quake had the water opaque unless you had 3DFX card IIRC)
    - mrob 4mo ago
      GLQuake introduced the r_wateralpha setting, which allowed transparent water, but the maps were still compiled with visibility calculations that assumed the water surfaces were opaque. You got visual artifacts unless you enabled r_novis to ignore the pre-calculated visibility calculations. Modern computers can handle it, but this was a heavy performance cost at the time. To work around this, people used an unofficial tool to patch the maps to support transparent water: https://vispatch.sourceforge.net/ https://vispatch.sourceforge.net/
  - classichasclass 4mo ago
    Yes, essentially with a second rendering pass. Not cheap to implement which is why the game used it relatively sparingly.
  - akoboldfrying 4mo ago
    No man is island, except Lo Wang.
  - NBJack 4mo ago
    Don't forget the optional voxel models! They did some really cool stuff with Build. I loved some of the creative uses of things like controllable vehicles (sometimes with guns!).
- bluedino 4mo ago
  > Wolf3D didn't have textured floors and ceilings because of performance reasons, but several other similar games had them Blake Stone Rise of the Triad used later versions of the Wolf3D engine and had textured floors/ceilings > Doom and IIRC Duke Nukem as well used a BSP engine which was much more flexible Duke Nukem (Build engine) did not use BSP https://www.jonof.id.au/forum/topic-137.html#msg1548 https://www.jonof.id.au/forum/topic-137.html#msg1548
  - debo_ 4mo ago
    Huh, I always thought RoTT was the first Build engine game.
- badsectoracula 4mo ago
  > Duke Nukem as well used a BSP engine The Build engine didn't use BSP, it treated connections between sectors as portals and rasterized the walls as (90 degree rotated) trapezoids while performing clipping against those portals. This allowed it to have dynamic wall geometry (e.g. moving trains, rotating light fixtures, etc) as well as "room-over-room" setups as long as you couldn't see both rooms at the same time (in both Blood and Shadow Warrior they found a workaround for it allowing to create more "3D" spaces by making identically shaped sectors with the floor of one sector acting as a portal to the ceiling of the other sector - supposedly this wasn't "natively" supported by the engine, but it was flexible enough for the game studios who used it -without even having access to the source- to do it themselves). The first level of Duke Nukem 3D does use a few Build tricks - e.g. another one is that sprites can be "axis aligned" instead of following the camera and they can also have collision - this can be used to create rudimentary 3D geometry by treating each sprite as an axis aligned quad and in the first level it is used to make a bridge between two buildings (right before the level exit button).
  - kridsdale1 4mo ago
    I always loved that the bridge you mentioned could take damage and fall down, screwing you over in the very first level, unless you knew where the Jetpack was stashed.
  - ant6n 4mo ago
    The funny thing is that looking backwards, I would never use a grid of squares for a raycaster like wolfenstein3d did. If I were to do a raycaster today, I would use convex sectors with portals, basically like duke nukem, but constant wall heights. You can do drawing very simply by just doing a linear pass across the sector, recursively stepping into other sectors. Then you can at least do arbitrary level geometries.
    - badsectoracula 4mo ago
      Yeah, that is basically what i did around 2009 when i was making a 3D engine in Haxe for Flash, RayFaster 2 (it was the successor to another Flash game engine, RayFaster, which did Wolf3D-like raycasting and i used to make a simple FPS[0] though with Flash's input limitations i couldn't do mouselook and didn't feel that great). The engine used Build/Doom-like maps and would simply raycast against the camera's current sector (sectors could be any shape not just convex) and used connections between sectors as portals to recursively follow the (2D) map until it hit a solid wall - so basically Build's portal rendering approach except using raycasting instead of trapezoid rasterization. It could also do sprite rendering (you could have both sprites facing the camera and "aligned" sprites that could be used for decals) and even had some simple 3D model rendering (the triangles were sorted and clipped against the portal during rasterization). Unfortunately Flash isn't available in browsers anymore and Ruffle isn't compatible with it (it can run the engine -much slower than real Flash- but the palette is all wrong), so i took some shots using the standalone Flash "projector"[1][2][3][4]. Also making maps for it was certainly much more laborsome than making maps for a Wolf3D-like game and that combined with me losing interest in making Flash games meant i never made a game with it. [0] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z81NhEbl3q8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z81NhEbl3q8 [1] http://runtimeterror.com/pages/iv/images/01feb493af6dd3184b8ed17908e7dbc2.png http://runtimeterror.com/pages/iv/images/01feb493af6dd3184b8... [2] http://runtimeterror.com/pages/iv/images/136a8753b211ed7e3d11a82156bebf26.png http://runtimeterror.com/pages/iv/images/136a8753b211ed7e3d1... [3] http://runtimeterror.com/pages/iv/images/84c2012258982b820531e4345721a21a.png http://runtimeterror.com/pages/iv/images/84c2012258982b82053... [4] http://runtimeterror.com/pages/iv/images/e94cc334c7735e1aacbc190f356f4b6d.png http://runtimeterror.com/pages/iv/images/e94cc334c7735e1aacb...
- torginus 4mo ago
  With regard to floors, afaik even DOOM didn't do them correctly. With vertical walls, the perspective divide needs to be done only once per column of pixels for a given wall segment. For floors, unfortunately there's no such luxury, and if I remember correctly DOOM subdivided floors into patches, and only did proper perspective at the corners, and interpolated inbetween.
  - Jare 4mo ago
    For floors the perspective divide is once per row, just like for walls it's once per column. The BSP may have led to some floor subdivisions, especially as it needs convex sectors. I don't remember if the engine would coalesce adjacent floor spans into a single one, but I hope it did.
    - torginus 4mo ago
      That would only be true if a row (by which I mean a scanline) would be equidistant in view-space depth across its whole length, which is not quite true. While a column of pixels for a wall is (as long as you dont tilt the camera).
      - tadfisher 4mo ago
        The code exists! https://github.com/id-Software/DOOM/blob/master/linuxdoom-1.10/r_plane.c#L107-L178 https://github.com/id-Software/DOOM/blob/master/linuxdoom-1.... And it looks to me like we are mapping each row with a constant y, calculating the "distance" (thus scale factor) only once using just the vertical slope for the row.
        torginus 4mo ago
        Yeah sorry, you are right - I got it mixed up.
        Jare 4mo ago
        For the record, there were constant-Z full 3D engines in the late 90s, which would find the correct axes on screen to render perspective-correct textured triangles using oblique spans of pixels. They were incredibly complicated and prone to holes at the slightest numerical accuracy, but they were a sight to behold. Constant-Z meant not just saving on perspective divides, but also easy Z-buffer and depth-based fog.
- torginus 4mo ago
  I think the argument could be made both that both engines are raycasters, though they don't cast rays over pixels, but horizontal 2D spans (where each ray is going to end in the same sector). With the data structure being more efficient, and doing less overall work, I think this part of the Doom/Duke engine might even be faster than than Wolf3D
trumpdong 4mo ago
For some reason I irrationally like the posterization effect that's created when something is darkened to almost zero.
sgt 4mo ago
Really cool. It's also something LLM's are ridiculously bad at, so you kinda have to do it properly.
nticompass 4mo ago
I respect the amount of work that goes into projects like this; I can't wait to be able to play it.
mysterydip 4mo ago
As a fellow 3d-engine-with-foolishly-unreasonable-constraints developer, I love the detail in the explanations here and seeing the process you went through.
- qingcharles 4mo ago
  If you want to follow this to its unnecessary limits on the PC, the CGA 3D engine in the 8086 version of Elite is probably maximally constrained :)
xyzsparetimexyz 4mo ago
It'd be more interesting if you made a similar looking game using modern APIs imo
- sklopec 4mo ago
  How so? Doing this with modern OpenGL would be much simpler than the software rasterizer solution. I think I'm gonna have to do it anyway, because some players claim they get nausea when playing at such low resolution (320x240), and the only way to give them higher resolutions that perform reasonably is to have it hardware accelerated. Renderer is abstracted away already, but the real difference would probably be occlusion culling... With raycasting, I get it for free, but if I'd go down the hardware accelerated path I'd have to pick something more clever. Raycasting and software rendering in general tends to scale poorly with resolution, even with vectorization and all the bells and whistles of modern CPUs.
  - badsectoracula 4mo ago
    Unless you plan on rendering the level on some very retro hardware (think S3 Virge, maybe Voodoo 1) you can render the entire level in OpenGL with just zbuffer and alpha tested sprites and it'll run perfectly fine - if anything with such low polycount, chances are you're going to make the renderer slower by trying to do occlusion culling on any GPU released in the 21st century :-P. If you pack the geometry in a few vertex buffers (for each unique texture) even per-frame, you'll get four digit FPS in any relatively modern GPU. As an example this[0] video shows the benchmark from Post Apocalyptic Petra running on my previous GPU (RX 5700 XT) which all it does is build a per-frame (client-side) vertex-buffer in OpenGL 1.1 (the engine was made for actual retro PCs running DOS and Win9x so it does some rudimentary occlusion culling but that mainly affects 90s hardware, not anything released since 2000 or so). If anything, the rendering has so little overhead that half of the framerate is "eaten" by the FPS counter overlay :-P. [0] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64ysz5rXkzw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64ysz5rXkzw
    - sklopec 4mo ago
      That's really cool. Thinking about modern games, a single character model probably has more vertices than my entire level (and yours probably), so it's definitely reasonable to expect occlusion culling for such simple geometry might actually reduce performance rather than increase it.
rob74 4mo ago
I just noticed that this might be one of the rare shooters with a female protagonist: the cat has a calico pattern, and those are almost always female (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calico_cat https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calico_cat).
- badsectoracula 4mo ago
  A lot of boomer shooters nowadays have a female protagonist, e.g. Selaco[0], Supplice[1], The Citadel[2] and its sequel[3], Zortch[4] (and its upcoming sequel[5]), Nighmare Reaper[6], COVEN[7], Viscerafest[8], Hedon[9], etc. If anything i'd say that nowadays there are way more boomer shooters with female protagonists than not :-P (combining the tags "boomer shooter" with "female protagonist" on Steam search gives 143 results, though that includes games where you can either choose your character's gender or you play as a woman for a part of the game even if you play as a man for most of it). [0] https://store.steampowered.com/app/1592280/Selaco/ https://store.steampowered.com/app/1592280/Selaco/ [1] https://store.steampowered.com/app/1693280/Supplice/ https://store.steampowered.com/app/1693280/Supplice/ [2] https://store.steampowered.com/app/1378290/The_Citadel/ https://store.steampowered.com/app/1378290/The_Citadel/ [3] https://store.steampowered.com/app/3371240/Beyond_Citadel/ https://store.steampowered.com/app/3371240/Beyond_Citadel/ [4] https://store.steampowered.com/app/2443360/Zortch/ https://store.steampowered.com/app/2443360/Zortch/ [5] https://store.steampowered.com/app/3807500/Zortch_2/ https://store.steampowered.com/app/3807500/Zortch_2/ [6] https://store.steampowered.com/app/1051690/Nightmare_Reaper/ https://store.steampowered.com/app/1051690/Nightmare_Reaper/ [7] https://store.steampowered.com/app/1785940/COVEN/ https://store.steampowered.com/app/1785940/COVEN/ [8] https://store.steampowered.com/app/1406780/Viscerafest/ https://store.steampowered.com/app/1406780/Viscerafest/ [9] https://store.steampowered.com/app/1072150/Hedon_Bloodrite/ https://store.steampowered.com/app/1072150/Hedon_Bloodrite/
  - stronglikedan 4mo ago
    143 results means it's relatively rare.
  - egypturnash 4mo ago
    "boomer shooter": 1105 matches "boomer shooter" + "female protagonist": 106 matches. So a bit less than 1/10 of the games tagged with "boomer shooter". With your caveats above about being able to choose a gender, or a single brief segment where you're a lady in a game where you're mostly a dude. Is that a lot? I dunno, doesn't feel like a lot to me. Probably feels like a lot to the people who inevitably show up in the Steam discussions of any successful game that makes you be a lady for most of its length and complain about it being "woke", even one game with a female protagonist seems to be too many for them.
badsectoracula 4mo ago
Nice, i've used similar approach for the lighting in Post Apocalyptic Petra[0] though i did use per-pixel LUT offset calculation[1] because it uses a generic 3D triangle rasterizer (the levels are based on grids like in Tomb Raider but they're rendered as triangles). Later i added sprite support for another gamejam but i never ended up finishing it and the sprite support is very rudimentary (and unoptimized - i just noticed i'm doing the LUT lookup for every pixel when drawing shaded sprites which isn't necessary). I did write a tool for generating the sprites from 3D models though[2]. It uses plain old OpenGL 1.1 to draw the sprite and grabs the framebuffer directly. It is drawn fullbright so i can paint the lighting directly on the sprite's texture (using a Krita plugin i wrote[3][4] - the model is something i threw together with Blender's default generated UV since i didn't care for the details). I wonder if doing some sort of postprocessing (after rendering with with shading) like you do with your game would help with the finer details since i also found that rendering from 3D models to sprites creates very "mushy" results most of the time because of all the details getting lost. I notice the colors also become more saturated after postprocessing in your examples, is this after it finds the closest color in the palette or the result of the postprocess? I'd like to keep the overall hue+saturation of the model so maybe doing post-processing on a grayscale render to shade the shadows/dark areas but keep highlights as-is and then multiplying that with the fullbright image would produce results that wont shift the saturation. [0] https://bad-sector.itch.io/post-apocalyptic-petra https://bad-sector.itch.io/post-apocalyptic-petra [1] https://codeberg.org/badsector/PetraEngine/src/commit/14ca1696227984d17dad676ff621e24aa3c3c9dc/Engine/FBRaster.pas#L322 https://codeberg.org/badsector/PetraEngine/src/commit/14ca16... [2] http://runtimeterror.com/pages/iv/images/95ddebc51e4dfa8a5afb8b1e636f051a.png http://runtimeterror.com/pages/iv/images/95ddebc51e4dfa8a5af... [3] http://runtimeterror.com/tools/kritaview3d/ http://runtimeterror.com/tools/kritaview3d/ [4] http://runtimeterror.com/pages/iv/images/535f0e09e590d8a1731c2e2ca2a18d3b.png http://runtimeterror.com/pages/iv/images/535f0e09e590d8a1731...
- sklopec 4mo ago
  >I notice the colors also become more saturated after postprocessing in your examples, is this after it finds the closest color in the palette or the result of the postprocess? It's the result of the Blender compositor postprocessing, just keep in mind it falls apart once you go low enough in resolution (it's an image space thing after all), so I'm not sure if that helps your case. EDIT: Also, your project is very cool!
blackhaz 4mo ago
Everything is perfect here. The hero, the graphics, the title... <3
- garganzol 4mo ago
  I like the theme too. In general, author does not seem to follow typical rules. In my opinion, this is a huge bonus for him as an artist.
badsectoracula 4mo ago
As a side note, the visual style in the game reminds me a lot of Exhumed / Powerslave :-).
zerr 4mo ago
I hope they leveraged Mode X :)
trashb 4mo ago
This game looks great I really like the style it is inspiring. The author seems to consider open-sourcing the engine, I would also be interested in the mentioned scripts for asset creation. Those scripts would make a great toolset for asset creation in this style.
gotski 4mo ago
This is terrific. I love reading about the creative process involved in a project like this, finding cool solutions to self-imposed boundaries. I think the mix of highly rational reasoning and "it just feels right" is a killer combo too, it gives a rigorous basis for a lot of the decisions made, while also allowing for a strongly personal aesthetic to emerge. Very cool indeed.
harel 4mo ago
This is beautiful. I wish one day I'll have to time for a project like that. Looking forward to buying it on Steam.
renyicircle 4mo ago
I really loved that article. Creating games always seemed so daunting to me since I don't know a lot about how it's done, there are so many different processes involved. The solutions described here are so satisfyingly compact and so easy to understand given the simple constraints, and yet they produce an actual game that looks nice.
Levitating 4mo ago
I love this! I have been working on a similar project, recreating the originale BBC Elite but with multiplayer networking. Though I have not limited myself as much (I use SDL).
progforlyfe 4mo ago
Much respect -- at first glance when I saw the animated gif I thought this was just a project making assets from scratch for an existing game engine (e.g. Doom or Wolf 3D) but then I realize it's creating all the game code from scratch too! (But using similar techniques from the old days). Amazing work.
binaryturtle 4mo ago
With the title I was expecting some notes about DeluxePaint, but it was still a nice read nonetheless. Wish you much success with the game! :-)
mkl 4mo ago
Graphics programming in the early to mid 1990s was pretty fun: write pixel data into the memory-mapped video RAM and it appears on the screen! A pointer to 0xA0000 was all you needed - no API or anything. The reason for the non-square-pixel 320×200 VGA mode they mention was that the video buffer took 64000 bytes, which fit into a 16-bit segment, making addressing it easy in 16-bit code/CPUs.
- badsectoracula 4mo ago
  > A pointer to 0xA0000 was all you needed Though your extender could make things a little more annoying on that front :-P (DJGPP and Free Pascal -which use the same "go32" extender by DJ Delorie- do not do a full linear mapping so you need to do a bit more juggling to get stuff on screen there)
  - 1313ed01 4mo ago
    There is 16-bit DOS support in Free Pascal these days (yes, added long after 32-bit DOS support). That makes it easier to get a pointer to video memory. Makes other things less easy. Also some (more) free (open source) 16-bit C-compilers now, like the ia16 gcc port and Microsoft's C compiler included in the MS-DOS repo on GitHub. Not that 32-bit extenders do not come with some advantages, but I enjoy the simplicity of 16-bit.
    - badsectoracula 4mo ago
      [dead]
- russdill 4mo ago
  Until VGA came along....the story was much more complex.
  - mkl 4mo ago
    No, I'm talking about VGA. Super VGA is where it got more complicated, with its many variations, higher resolutions, and higher bit depths.
cosiiine 4mo ago
This is a wonderful deep dive into your project. I'm early days on creating pixel art style procedural art systems, and this gives me plenty to think about.
boricj 4mo ago
I'm tinkering with a voxel space rendering tech demo as a PlayStation homebrew. After one weekend of work I'm getting decent results (like, 10-15 FPS) and I've yet to use the DMA, the GTE or even polylines primitives. It's refreshing to dust up trigonometry and good old low-level optimization tricks. When the scratchbuffer has 1 KiB and the stack can only use a fraction of that, it makes me realize how spoiled I'm at work with the microcontrollers we have, with threads being allocated 8 KiB of stack and backtraces with over 50 functions of C++ templates on it.
kylemaxwell 4mo ago
Every time I think about graphics programming, I think about how we did it in the mid 90s when I was in high school messing around with exactly these things. XOR operations to drive animations, writing directly to memory, etc. (Clearly I do backend stuff now...)
rezmason 4mo ago
A great writeup of excellent work! The flight simulator / magic carpet easter egg in Microsoft Excel 97 used that same shaded-colormap palette trick, plus some dithering: https://rezmason.github.io/excel_97_egg https://rezmason.github.io/excel_97_egg https://rezmason.github.io/excel_97_egg/about.html https://rezmason.github.io/excel_97_egg/about.html I'm impressed by your sprite pipeline and gibs animations. Your attention to detail and navigation of constraints have really paid off, I can't wait to play this sometime
phkahler 4mo ago
>> What this actually means is, the constraints I have foolishly imposed upon myself are as follows.... Those kind of constraints can lead to increased creativity, and can also influence the overall style of a game. It's part of the reason early 80's arcade games had so much diversity.
corysama 4mo ago
If you want to play with software rendering, here's probably the shortest code that will get an ARGB8888 2D array from main memory to the screen efficiently for all platforms using SDL2 in C https://gist.github.com/CoryBloyd/6725bb78323bb1157ff8d4175d42d789 https://gist.github.com/CoryBloyd/6725bb78323bb1157ff8d4175d... you'll need to do the translation from a 320x200x8-bit palletized framebuffer to ARGB yourself ;) If you want to get inspired by what can be done with palletized framebuffers check out http://www.effectgames.com/demos/canvascycle/ http://www.effectgames.com/demos/canvascycle/ (click Show Options) and the GDC presentation by the artist https://youtu.be/aMcJ1Jvtef0 https://youtu.be/aMcJ1Jvtef0 With that you can fire up https://github.com/mriale/PyDPainter https://github.com/mriale/PyDPainter for that classic Deluxe Paint IIe vibe. Or, https://www.aseprite.org/ https://www.aseprite.org/ for something more modern.
- yunnpp 4mo ago
  At least with SDL3, you don't even need the renderer or the texture anymore. SDL_GetWindowSurface to get the surface and SDL_UpdateWindowSurface to present. That's the more software-graphics you can get from my understanding of the library. SDL still does the double-buffering for you.
  - TazeTSchnitzel 4mo ago
    SDL has always made it easy to directly present a software buffer of pixels to the screen. I'm not sure why someone would want to use the renderer/texture thing for this use case.
    - yunnpp 4mo ago
      I think it's because it's what every tutorial does, and people just copy-paste that template without giving it too much thought. Just need to dig through the API a little.
- bellowsgulch 4mo ago
  Thank you for sharing this. There's a handful of very popular Quake forks already, but Planimeter publishes a Quake-VS2026 fork that doesn't introduce changes. The team is working on x64 builds, which requires replacing the old SciTech Mult-platform Graphics Library (x86 only) with SDL3 (or port scitech-mgl to x64, which I don't think will happen) and the last I understood, the software renderer may be dropped. But maybe a software renderer and SDL_Texture could preserve it?
robterrell 4mo ago
This is so great. Another fun trick we used in the 90s was palette animation -- by swapping the palette you can create incredibly cool effects at a low runtime cost.
- itomato 4mo ago
  Blue: water. Purple: plasma. Red/orange: blood/lava
- ferguess_k 4mo ago
  I recall that Diablo 1 (and 2) has a lot of enemies that are essentially the same sprite but different palette. Is it the same trick?
  - keithnz 4mo ago
    it used to be a hardware thing, so if your pixels were represented by a nibble, and the definition of the color for each of the 16 possible value is in table the hardware references, you just update that table (on a vsync, or even an hsync) and you could get cool animations effects (for the time) random example from the Atari 800xl https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uPjLZ4MVKCc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uPjLZ4MVKCc (you can see how slow it is to draw a scene, but the animation effect due to pallete rotation is really fast).
    - ferguess_k 4mo ago
      Thanks for the tip!
- EvanAnderson 4mo ago
  Changing the pallette mid-frame is fun, too. You have to pay a lot more attention to timing since you don't have a copper (like the Amiga) on the PC, but it's still feasible.
- shakow 4mo ago
  Indeed, and I highly recommend this website for some stunning examples of the technique. http://www.effectgames.com/demos/canvascycle/ http://www.effectgames.com/demos/canvascycle/
mempko 4mo ago
Wow, this takes me back of making my own software renderer and game engine as a teen in the 90s. Then OpenGL came out and fixed pipelines and some of the cool magic of doing anything with pixels disappeared (until pixel shaders came back). One cool rendering technique you don't see much today is voxel graphics.
jonoxtoby 4mo ago
This is a great write-up of your process and behind-the-scenes peek at the making of what looks to be a really fun game! Can't wait to play and delve into the code once you release it.
ogurechny 4mo ago
Step 0 is missing: having a great taste. One look at the video example is enough to figure out that the author keeps things in balance and in style. Explanations of why pixel grid mismatch looks wrong, or why mismatch between texture density and geometric complexity (in both ways) looks horrible, or why smoothing does not blend with pixel art are then made in retrospect. Some details are a bit too cool for 1993, though, and assume high frame rate (won't work that well at low fps). Smooth weapon animations with a lot of frames, tiny per-pixel effects on bullet holes and flash sprites, smooth movement and object position calculations that use precise math instead of fast rough estimates resemble Chasm: The Rift or Quake (the concept of idle animations, e. g. objects moving in the starting view of difficulty selection room, assumes that there is some performance to waste on details that make the world less empty).
mg794613 4mo ago
There is nothing wrong with using AI. What I don't like is to see claims like "no AI slop" And yet it's riddled with emdashes and language "by hand" Seeing the skills of the writer, he definitely should be able to, but then I don't understand the claim.
- ch_sm 4mo ago
  I don’t know. Em-dashes are normal punctuation. The prose on the site doesn‘t strike me as particularly AI-y, but of course I might be wrong. Generally speaking, if the person wants to not use AI and tell people that, thats fine by me too.
- engcoach 4mo ago
  We're getting to the point that building something with AI doesn't really indicate skill. So, for a prestige project, there is great value in avoiding AI use.
- Supermancho 4mo ago
  From the article they list a bunch of arbitrary constraints... > If this sounds unreasonable to you, that is because it is. Those listed, are tame. I don't understand this kind of faux modesty. > My goal was to build a complete, shippable first-person shooter using techniques that were common in the early 90s Goes on to explain how they used 3D blender...which wasn't available until 1998. A vanity cat project being tailored and submitted for nostalgia clickbait. I don't think there's anything useful to take away from this other than some color shade selection ideas.
  - mrob 4mo ago
    >Goes on to explain how they used 3D blender...which wasn't available until 1998. In the early 90s, there was enough money in this kind of software that you could have hired a specialist 3D artist to use the software that was available at the time, e.g. LightWave 3D. When it's only a single-person project, I think it's reasonable to stick with what you know.
  - ogurechny 4mo ago
reifcode 4mo ago
one of my very first solo projects during high school was writing a wolfenstein-like raycaster from scratch. I still hold some very fond memories of programming it, arguably one of the moments I fell in love with the craft
fabiensanglard 4mo ago
Consider a premium, boxed version. I would buy it. And I think a lot other would. Maybe try a kickstarter to see how many are interested?
mrob 4mo ago
In the final video, it looks like the destructible vases take several shots to destroy. IMO, they should only take one. Real life vases only take one, so requiring more makes the gun feel weak. It seems to be cosmetic anyway, so there's no game balance reason to require more.
wazoox 4mo ago
That's beautiful. I hope it will run on a 486DX2 :D
tobadzistsini 4mo ago
[flagged]
- akoboldfrying 4mo ago
  I'm tempted to call people who get upset over harmless pronoun jokes "human garbage", but the truth is that would be overkill. "Irksome" covers it.
ferguess_k 4mo ago
I find the most interesting things are the internal tools -- like the Python script to generate the gib animation, or the other Python script to generate 2D spritesheet from Blender. OP is definitely a 10x engineer who can also do good arts. This is very rare IMO. I'm very surprised to find that OP has consistent art direction.
- kridsdale1 4mo ago
  It seemed, as a fan of the genre in the 90s, like these Renaissance Engineers were behind every major hit. I remember some of their names, they are true artists. I have no idea the names of nearly anyone but a CEO or lead Director in the games industry of the past 15 years.
  - ferguess_k 4mo ago
    As a side note, I checked OP's other projects, and looks like he/she was already OK with arts from earlier on: https://staniks.github.io/articles/inferno/ https://staniks.github.io/articles/inferno/ https://staniks.github.io/articles/worship/ https://staniks.github.io/articles/worship/
relativeadv 4mo ago
Bravo! Wonderful read. The comments here are a cesspool unfortunately. People bickering about pronouns used for cats, how many shots it takes for a vase to explode, or whether or not some circa-1993 software was used or mentioned.
wuliwong 4mo ago
I am not even a noob with game development. I dabbled with Godot a couple years ago and was making a funny weight lifter game, some sorta stat management sim. It was actually pretty fun but I didn't get past some pretty early working versions. I thought I could really level up with Claude and I started working on a boxing game. It's been a total disaster. .·°՞(˃ ᗜ ˂)՞°·.
Teslazar 4mo ago
Great article. I particularly enjoyed the approach to creating gibs. Although it was a tech demo, I created something like this around the mid 90s. One thing I did that I don't see mentioned in this article was I used 8x8 (or 16x16) light maps on the textures, which allowed me to easily have things like flickering torches and rockets that lit up the hallways as they shot down them. Lightmaps can also be used to "bake in" lighting if desired. Since the light map is "only" 8x8 you can afford to do some math on each luxel (each unit in the light map) to calculate distance and line of sight to light sources to determine a brightness value. When rendering the texture, the luxel was used with a lookup table to determine the actual color of the pixel being drawn. The light maps were updated 15 times a second if I recall correctly to help performance. Thanks to DJGPP, I was using inline assembly for the rendering. Since floating point math was slow at the time I used fixed point math which optimized well. The rendering was surprisingly performant on computers of the day.
- pragma_x 4mo ago
  > I used fixed point math which optimized well. I feel like the idea of fixed-point is under-utilized and very under appreciated. There are loads of applications where this is a better choice, let alone more performant.
  - dhosek 4mo ago
    This was the choice that Knuth made in TeX and Metafont although it’s also at least in part because floating point implementations in the late 70s/early 80s were so inconsistent from one platform to the next that using native floating point couldn’t satisfy his requirement of identical output on all platforms (likewise, the variations of Pascal implementations meant that he also used a highly restricted subset of Pascal features and no dynamic memory allocation).
  - Const-me 4mo ago
    > let alone more performant Not anymore. On modern hardware, the only operation where integers win is single cycle add/sub. For the rest of operations (multiplication, division, square roots, etc.) floating point is faster, sometimes by a lot.
Terr_ 4mo ago
> Well, it would work, but the result would look terrible because pixel scale is no longer consistent. This is my complaint with a lot of "graphical enhancement" mods for games like Deus Ex. Unless they touch everything, the inconsistent level of detail is worse than consistently low-res meshes/textures.
perfect_wave 4mo ago
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nopurpose 4mo ago
What does he mean by inconsistent pixel scale when he talks against increasing sprite resolution?
- pragma_x 4mo ago
  Just a guess: if you want to scale a sprite at anything less than a whole ratio (e.g. 1.5, 0.7, etc), you have to choose pixels to drop out and pixels to repeat , on some pattern that looks good. There are going to be scaling ratios that look like a hot mess, especially at a low resolution like 320x240.
  - mrob 4mo ago
    In context, it's talking about sprites that are going to get non-integer scaled anyway (in-game pickups), so it's just about maintaining a consistent detail level. If those specific sprites had their resolution increased, everything else would need its resolution increased to match them. Inconsistent resolution isn't necessarily a bad thing, e.g. Elite for the BBC Micro changes video mode part way down the screen so it can display both high resolution monochrome wireframe 3D and a lower resolution color map/UI below, but it's not idiomatic to the MS-DOS style this game is going for.
jiffygist 4mo ago
Will definitely play when it's released. Doom is my favourite game and I enjoy playing it at 320x200.
zackmorris 4mo ago
We randomly chose magenta as our transparent pixel for shareware games too! I consider 1993 the last "good" year of the pre-internet age. The web didn't go mainstream until around 95, and 94 felt like a liminal year (dunno why). In 93 one could still wrap a plaid shirt around one's waist without fear of ridicule. Grunge and alternative music hadn't quite landed in rural America yet, although we didn't know what we were missing. The Telecommunications Act, Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, USA PATRIOT Act, and so many other regressive/draconian laws hadn't passed yet to create the wealth inequality consuming the American Dream today. Although the Grand Upright Music vs Warner Bros decision had happened in 91 in an attempt to destroy hip-hop for racist reasons under the guise of protecting copyright. The Rodney King beating had happened the year before, but the OJ trial was still 2 years away. We were blissfully ignorant of the very ignorance and hate that would put us on this alternate timeline. It was like living in the Shire before the War of the Ring. I can't stress enough how games like Wolfenstein 3D and DOOM completely blew our minds. They came out about 6-7 years before The Matrix, so the closest conceptual framework we had for it was probably The Lawnmower Man. Virtua Racing and Virtua Fighter came out about that time, but somehow couldn't compare. I remember using a drafting program on a 33 MHz PC with a 16 color monitor in drafting class, and DOOM revealed that even then, computers were running hundreds of times slower than they were capable of (millions of times slower today). If I could go back to any time with what I know now, it would be spring of 93.
- zackmorris 4mo ago
  Sorry, false memory - I remembered the full story in all of its gory details after sleeping on it. We did use magenta and colors near it for reserved pixels that would never be seen onscreen, but in our case it was for color animation. The Mac couldn't do full-screen palette animation in a way sanctioned by the OS, because Apple arbitrarily inserted an internal wait for the vsync monitor refresh interval in all of its palette functions, with no way to disable it or directly access the low memory variables that controlled the color lookup table (CLUT) like on the PC. So an empty main loop with palette animation ran at 60 fps, but doing any draw calls at all caused a timing miss which dropped it to 30 fps, while the CPU sat at about 50% idle. Our games redrew the whole screen anyway, so we opted to translate pixel colors on the fly via our own lookup table instead. Apple also didn't provide OS calls for page flipping (to draw the next frame of animation while the current one is shown to double the frame rate), probably by design to maintain the Mac's image as a "professional" desktop computer, because such tricks were well-understood in the gaming industry. Or video resolutions below 640x480 (sometimes 512x384 on certain models). Apple also tended to ship machines with half-width busses (supposedly to reduce cost) like the Mac LC, which reduced memory bandwidth so much that full-screen scrolling was difficult to achieve. Those decisions prevented the Mac from becoming a performant gaming system, even though the RISC-like 68k chip with its numerous registers, predictable instruction set format and unsegmented memory were far superior to PC architecture at the time IMHO. Later PowerPC chips like the 603e had a cache misalignment issue where double-width 8 byte memory copies that weren't 8 byte aligned ran at about half speed (probably using 2 copies internally) so I think we had to drop down to single-width 4 byte copies or use a cache hint function to disable caching while copying image buffers, which ran slightly slower. Notable snafus included years-long delay of support for newer OpenGL versions, so we were stuck with fixed-pipeline 1.x calls long after the PC was exploring shaders. Then iOS only supported OpenGL ES, with no real reason not to offer an ES compatibility layer on desktop, necessitating support of 2 codepaths. Instead of remedying that stuff, they introduced Metal, which nobody asked for. Not to mention deprecating wide swaths of the OS, forcing rewrites from MacOS 8 to 9 (Carbon), then from 9 to X (Cocoa), then from MacOS to iOS (Objective-C and Swift). Don't forget the 68k to PowerPC to Intel to ARM chip migrations, which forced developers to be aware of endianness issues, which greatly increased the complexity of reading/writing binary files. Combining all of those permutations, MacOS software would often only survive perhaps 3 years before needing a rewrite. I probably have 10 times as many applications (mostly old games) on my Mac with a no-smoking sign through them as runnable applications. I'm reminded of the expression "lemons for the price of peaches". The outer elegance of the Mac obfuscated the underlying byzantine layers. Denial became woven into the Mac experience, so much so that developers took a certain level of trauma to keep up appearances. I know I did. That's why I got out of the biz in the early 2010s after so many of our games that we put so much work into turned out to be commercial failures. We might have made 10 times more money targetting the PC, and conceivably 100 times more if we had cross-platform resources like Unity and Steam. I bring this stuff up because rose colored glasses often obscure what really happened. Especially now with political insiders and the media producing so much revisionist history. Stuff we remember as cutting-edge manifested because the state of the art at the time was so abysmal. I look around today and I see a whole lot of assumptions being made that this is all there is. That the current path of tech is the one true way. When nothing could be further from the truth. We're ruled by powerful duopoly forces presenting the illusion of choice, when all eggs are in the GPU basket. But do they use GPUs on Star Trek? Probably not.
low_tech_love 4mo ago
Looks really cool, please release episode 1 as shareware! (Or a demo on Steam works too)
evolve2k 4mo ago
So refreshing to have this NOT read a few pageS IN; words to the effect of.. “and the I asked Claude to build most of it for me then set to tweaking a few parts at the edges before asking Claude to write up this blog post”
dhosek 4mo ago
The last real graphic programming¹ I’ve done was in the late 80s targeting the Tektronics graphics mode of the Kermit terminal software on the PC.² It was all pretty much clear the screen and draw solid rectangles in 1-bit black and white. One of these days I’m going to join the twenty-first century. ⸻ 1. I suppose some hand-written PostScript code might count as well, but I wouldn’t really count things like doing a simple function graph in python to explain something to my son as graphics programming. 2. This was for a DVI previewer running on an IBM mainframe running VM/CMS. As far as I know, this code is completely lost, which is probably a good thing.
microtonal 4mo ago
@sklopec any chance you have a Mastodon or maybe Bluesky account where we can follow your work? Would love to follow development and buy your game when it's out.
cautiouscat 4mo ago
Maybe the recent final update to Destiny has already taken over my brain but if Marko is a Destiny fan, he has a great GitHub username. This is an extremely detailed article on every level and I can’t wait to deep dive into it. Marko really nailed the “old” look but it still looks fresh and new.
pjs_ 4mo ago
looks really beautiful, amazing job
test1072 4mo ago
it's my birth year
purple-leafy 4mo ago
Cool project! How hard was it to get the z levels (height) ?? I made a very similar project [0] in C 2 years ago, a chunked ray caster that could handle multiple height levels. Was one of my first C projects, pretty crappy but was fun. Anyone have any ideas how to make it more memory efficient? It’s full of bugs was just a for fun project [0] - https://github.com/con-dog/chunked-z-level-raycaster/blob/master/README.md https://github.com/con-dog/chunked-z-level-raycaster/blob/ma...
WhoAteSnorlax 4mo ago
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TheAmazingRace 4mo ago
It doesn't say in the blog post, but will this be released for MS-DOS?
wonkyfruit 4mo ago
Genuinely lit. Gives me a whole new appreciation for the games I played as a kid, and John Carmack. Nice project :D
massifist 4mo ago
If there's enough room, you could add special palette indexes that stay constant or diminish more slowly with distance. To give a glow effect for lights, torches, etc. I always appreciated this effect in Quake. EDIT: Oh nevermind. I guess brightmaps are more flexible.
Felger 4mo ago
Well here's goes my self-esteem again. I hate you ! :D (Nice job, seriously)
hankbond 4mo ago
I was genuinely surprised how good the render -> quantized sprite looked. That quick conversion made them look crispy.
- canyp 4mo ago
  Ironically, the image showing the graph that does that transformation could have gone through the pipeline as well. I'd be curious to know in more detail what exactly is going on there. I guess the box sharpening is where most of the beef is.
Panzerschrek 4mo ago
> Catlantean 3D is a traditional raycaster. The map consists of tiles which are all identical in size; It's sad. That's why I never finished playing Wolfenstein 3D - it looks too boring. In the other hand I enjoy playing Doom, mods for it and games using its engine. I hope the author can still add some improvements to allow such boring look typical for raycaster engines.
Panzerschrek 4mo ago
> We then choose the number of shade levels (32 in my case) meaning each color needs 31 darker variants I suggest to use not only darker variants, but also brighter ones - for bright map areas and maybe for some lighting effects like flashlight.
Panzerschrek 4mo ago
> The generation pipeline takes several inputs: > a heightmap that defines the surface relief > this is actually just used to generate the normal map, which is then used to bake in simple lighting and shadows I don't think someone used this approach in 1993. Textures were drawn by hand. But I think it's still fine to use such modern way of generating textures, since it may produce better-looking result.
ant6n 4mo ago
I personally am not a big fan of the banding effect due to small number of light levels. One way to reduce that would be to introduce a 2x2 dithering matrix grid across the whole screen that introduces small “luxel” deltas like 0.5, -0,5; 0.5, -0.5. Some pixels will be brighter, some darker, reducing the banding. Could also try different matrices.
Agentlien 4mo ago
This is a cool project and I really like the author's technical and aesthetic choices of how to limit themselves. But what really stood out to me is this line. > a linear frame buffer where each pixel was represented by a single byte indexing into a palette of 256 colors. Of course this is nothing new, but it just really struck me because I've been working on a blog post about texture representation on modern consoles and it is crazy how complex it has gotten: texture tiles, block compression, non-linear texel ordering (e.g. Morton order), ...
vkaku 4mo ago
This author doesn't publish code, makes yet another Doom like Game, calls it not an AI slop. To the author's credit, seems to have made this 7 years ago, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YQ7aApNDPQc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YQ7aApNDPQc and then gave up working on it till recently. It doesn't look like slop at all, and it looks like it actually is. Could have been used to generate art assets, or finish something author did not have the energy to do before. Nobody cares if that was the case. Why the hate towards AI even?
jadecarter68 4mo ago
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955 points by sklopec 4mo ago

RishiByte 4mo ago

[flagged]

functionmouse 4mo ago

cool cat game what's unreasonable about this though?

rob74 4mo ago

This is taking a lot of inspiration from Doom, but the actual raycasting engine is more like Doom's predecessors, the most well-known of which is probably Wolfenstein 3D: perpendicular walls, constant floor and ceiling height. Wolf3D didn't have textured floors and ceilings because of performance reasons, but several other similar games had them. Doom and IIRC Duke Nukem as well used a BSP engine which was much more flexible (walls could intersect at any angle, variable floor and ceiling heights), although the levels were still "flat" (you couldn't have several "stories" inside a level, e.g. you couldn't design a bridge that you could walk over and under).

scrumper 4mo ago
I thought at first it was just a skinned Wolfenstein 3D. Which is grossly unfair. A lot of work here.
Grumbledour 4mo ago
Later on, in Shadow Warrior, you could even do that, i think they used portals to implement it and i remeber it was a pain to set up in the editor.
- kridsdale1 4mo ago
  That did give us our first software rendered transparent water rooms though (Quake had the water opaque unless you had 3DFX card IIRC)
  - mrob 4mo ago
    GLQuake introduced the r_wateralpha setting, which allowed transparent water, but the maps were still compiled with visibility calculations that assumed the water surfaces were opaque. You got visual artifacts unless you enabled r_novis to ignore the pre-calculated visibility calculations. Modern computers can handle it, but this was a heavy performance cost at the time. To work around this, people used an unofficial tool to patch the maps to support transparent water: https://vispatch.sourceforge.net/ https://vispatch.sourceforge.net/
- classichasclass 4mo ago
  Yes, essentially with a second rendering pass. Not cheap to implement which is why the game used it relatively sparingly.
- akoboldfrying 4mo ago
  No man is island, except Lo Wang.
- NBJack 4mo ago
  Don't forget the optional voxel models! They did some really cool stuff with Build. I loved some of the creative uses of things like controllable vehicles (sometimes with guns!).
bluedino 4mo ago
> Wolf3D didn't have textured floors and ceilings because of performance reasons, but several other similar games had them Blake Stone Rise of the Triad used later versions of the Wolf3D engine and had textured floors/ceilings > Doom and IIRC Duke Nukem as well used a BSP engine which was much more flexible Duke Nukem (Build engine) did not use BSP https://www.jonof.id.au/forum/topic-137.html#msg1548 https://www.jonof.id.au/forum/topic-137.html#msg1548
- debo_ 4mo ago
  Huh, I always thought RoTT was the first Build engine game.
badsectoracula 4mo ago
> Duke Nukem as well used a BSP engine The Build engine didn't use BSP, it treated connections between sectors as portals and rasterized the walls as (90 degree rotated) trapezoids while performing clipping against those portals. This allowed it to have dynamic wall geometry (e.g. moving trains, rotating light fixtures, etc) as well as "room-over-room" setups as long as you couldn't see both rooms at the same time (in both Blood and Shadow Warrior they found a workaround for it allowing to create more "3D" spaces by making identically shaped sectors with the floor of one sector acting as a portal to the ceiling of the other sector - supposedly this wasn't "natively" supported by the engine, but it was flexible enough for the game studios who used it -without even having access to the source- to do it themselves). The first level of Duke Nukem 3D does use a few Build tricks - e.g. another one is that sprites can be "axis aligned" instead of following the camera and they can also have collision - this can be used to create rudimentary 3D geometry by treating each sprite as an axis aligned quad and in the first level it is used to make a bridge between two buildings (right before the level exit button).
- kridsdale1 4mo ago
  I always loved that the bridge you mentioned could take damage and fall down, screwing you over in the very first level, unless you knew where the Jetpack was stashed.
- ant6n 4mo ago
  The funny thing is that looking backwards, I would never use a grid of squares for a raycaster like wolfenstein3d did. If I were to do a raycaster today, I would use convex sectors with portals, basically like duke nukem, but constant wall heights. You can do drawing very simply by just doing a linear pass across the sector, recursively stepping into other sectors. Then you can at least do arbitrary level geometries.
  - badsectoracula 4mo ago
    Yeah, that is basically what i did around 2009 when i was making a 3D engine in Haxe for Flash, RayFaster 2 (it was the successor to another Flash game engine, RayFaster, which did Wolf3D-like raycasting and i used to make a simple FPS[0] though with Flash's input limitations i couldn't do mouselook and didn't feel that great). The engine used Build/Doom-like maps and would simply raycast against the camera's current sector (sectors could be any shape not just convex) and used connections between sectors as portals to recursively follow the (2D) map until it hit a solid wall - so basically Build's portal rendering approach except using raycasting instead of trapezoid rasterization. It could also do sprite rendering (you could have both sprites facing the camera and "aligned" sprites that could be used for decals) and even had some simple 3D model rendering (the triangles were sorted and clipped against the portal during rasterization). Unfortunately Flash isn't available in browsers anymore and Ruffle isn't compatible with it (it can run the engine -much slower than real Flash- but the palette is all wrong), so i took some shots using the standalone Flash "projector"[1][2][3][4]. Also making maps for it was certainly much more laborsome than making maps for a Wolf3D-like game and that combined with me losing interest in making Flash games meant i never made a game with it. [0] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z81NhEbl3q8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z81NhEbl3q8 [1] http://runtimeterror.com/pages/iv/images/01feb493af6dd3184b8ed17908e7dbc2.png http://runtimeterror.com/pages/iv/images/01feb493af6dd3184b8... [2] http://runtimeterror.com/pages/iv/images/136a8753b211ed7e3d11a82156bebf26.png http://runtimeterror.com/pages/iv/images/136a8753b211ed7e3d1... [3] http://runtimeterror.com/pages/iv/images/84c2012258982b820531e4345721a21a.png http://runtimeterror.com/pages/iv/images/84c2012258982b82053... [4] http://runtimeterror.com/pages/iv/images/e94cc334c7735e1aacbc190f356f4b6d.png http://runtimeterror.com/pages/iv/images/e94cc334c7735e1aacb...
torginus 4mo ago
With regard to floors, afaik even DOOM didn't do them correctly. With vertical walls, the perspective divide needs to be done only once per column of pixels for a given wall segment. For floors, unfortunately there's no such luxury, and if I remember correctly DOOM subdivided floors into patches, and only did proper perspective at the corners, and interpolated inbetween.
- Jare 4mo ago
  For floors the perspective divide is once per row, just like for walls it's once per column. The BSP may have led to some floor subdivisions, especially as it needs convex sectors. I don't remember if the engine would coalesce adjacent floor spans into a single one, but I hope it did.
  - torginus 4mo ago
    That would only be true if a row (by which I mean a scanline) would be equidistant in view-space depth across its whole length, which is not quite true. While a column of pixels for a wall is (as long as you dont tilt the camera).
    - tadfisher 4mo ago
      The code exists! https://github.com/id-Software/DOOM/blob/master/linuxdoom-1.10/r_plane.c#L107-L178 https://github.com/id-Software/DOOM/blob/master/linuxdoom-1.... And it looks to me like we are mapping each row with a constant y, calculating the "distance" (thus scale factor) only once using just the vertical slope for the row.
      - torginus 4mo ago
        Yeah sorry, you are right - I got it mixed up.
        Jare 4mo ago
        For the record, there were constant-Z full 3D engines in the late 90s, which would find the correct axes on screen to render perspective-correct textured triangles using oblique spans of pixels. They were incredibly complicated and prone to holes at the slightest numerical accuracy, but they were a sight to behold. Constant-Z meant not just saving on perspective divides, but also easy Z-buffer and depth-based fog.
torginus 4mo ago
I think the argument could be made both that both engines are raycasters, though they don't cast rays over pixels, but horizontal 2D spans (where each ray is going to end in the same sector). With the data structure being more efficient, and doing less overall work, I think this part of the Doom/Duke engine might even be faster than than Wolf3D

trumpdong 4mo ago

For some reason I irrationally like the posterization effect that's created when something is darkened to almost zero.

sgt 4mo ago

Really cool. It's also something LLM's are ridiculously bad at, so you kinda have to do it properly.

nticompass 4mo ago

I respect the amount of work that goes into projects like this; I can't wait to be able to play it.

mysterydip 4mo ago

As a fellow 3d-engine-with-foolishly-unreasonable-constraints developer, I love the detail in the explanations here and seeing the process you went through.

qingcharles 4mo ago
If you want to follow this to its unnecessary limits on the PC, the CGA 3D engine in the 8086 version of Elite is probably maximally constrained :)

xyzsparetimexyz 4mo ago

It'd be more interesting if you made a similar looking game using modern APIs imo

sklopec 4mo ago
How so? Doing this with modern OpenGL would be much simpler than the software rasterizer solution. I think I'm gonna have to do it anyway, because some players claim they get nausea when playing at such low resolution (320x240), and the only way to give them higher resolutions that perform reasonably is to have it hardware accelerated. Renderer is abstracted away already, but the real difference would probably be occlusion culling... With raycasting, I get it for free, but if I'd go down the hardware accelerated path I'd have to pick something more clever. Raycasting and software rendering in general tends to scale poorly with resolution, even with vectorization and all the bells and whistles of modern CPUs.
- badsectoracula 4mo ago
  Unless you plan on rendering the level on some very retro hardware (think S3 Virge, maybe Voodoo 1) you can render the entire level in OpenGL with just zbuffer and alpha tested sprites and it'll run perfectly fine - if anything with such low polycount, chances are you're going to make the renderer slower by trying to do occlusion culling on any GPU released in the 21st century :-P. If you pack the geometry in a few vertex buffers (for each unique texture) even per-frame, you'll get four digit FPS in any relatively modern GPU. As an example this[0] video shows the benchmark from Post Apocalyptic Petra running on my previous GPU (RX 5700 XT) which all it does is build a per-frame (client-side) vertex-buffer in OpenGL 1.1 (the engine was made for actual retro PCs running DOS and Win9x so it does some rudimentary occlusion culling but that mainly affects 90s hardware, not anything released since 2000 or so). If anything, the rendering has so little overhead that half of the framerate is "eaten" by the FPS counter overlay :-P. [0] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64ysz5rXkzw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64ysz5rXkzw
  - sklopec 4mo ago
    That's really cool. Thinking about modern games, a single character model probably has more vertices than my entire level (and yours probably), so it's definitely reasonable to expect occlusion culling for such simple geometry might actually reduce performance rather than increase it.

rob74 4mo ago

I just noticed that this might be one of the rare shooters with a female protagonist: the cat has a calico pattern, and those are almost always female (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calico_cat https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calico_cat).

badsectoracula 4mo ago
A lot of boomer shooters nowadays have a female protagonist, e.g. Selaco[0], Supplice[1], The Citadel[2] and its sequel[3], Zortch[4] (and its upcoming sequel[5]), Nighmare Reaper[6], COVEN[7], Viscerafest[8], Hedon[9], etc. If anything i'd say that nowadays there are way more boomer shooters with female protagonists than not :-P (combining the tags "boomer shooter" with "female protagonist" on Steam search gives 143 results, though that includes games where you can either choose your character's gender or you play as a woman for a part of the game even if you play as a man for most of it). [0] https://store.steampowered.com/app/1592280/Selaco/ https://store.steampowered.com/app/1592280/Selaco/ [1] https://store.steampowered.com/app/1693280/Supplice/ https://store.steampowered.com/app/1693280/Supplice/ [2] https://store.steampowered.com/app/1378290/The_Citadel/ https://store.steampowered.com/app/1378290/The_Citadel/ [3] https://store.steampowered.com/app/3371240/Beyond_Citadel/ https://store.steampowered.com/app/3371240/Beyond_Citadel/ [4] https://store.steampowered.com/app/2443360/Zortch/ https://store.steampowered.com/app/2443360/Zortch/ [5] https://store.steampowered.com/app/3807500/Zortch_2/ https://store.steampowered.com/app/3807500/Zortch_2/ [6] https://store.steampowered.com/app/1051690/Nightmare_Reaper/ https://store.steampowered.com/app/1051690/Nightmare_Reaper/ [7] https://store.steampowered.com/app/1785940/COVEN/ https://store.steampowered.com/app/1785940/COVEN/ [8] https://store.steampowered.com/app/1406780/Viscerafest/ https://store.steampowered.com/app/1406780/Viscerafest/ [9] https://store.steampowered.com/app/1072150/Hedon_Bloodrite/ https://store.steampowered.com/app/1072150/Hedon_Bloodrite/
- stronglikedan 4mo ago
  143 results means it's relatively rare.
- egypturnash 4mo ago
  "boomer shooter": 1105 matches "boomer shooter" + "female protagonist": 106 matches. So a bit less than 1/10 of the games tagged with "boomer shooter". With your caveats above about being able to choose a gender, or a single brief segment where you're a lady in a game where you're mostly a dude. Is that a lot? I dunno, doesn't feel like a lot to me. Probably feels like a lot to the people who inevitably show up in the Steam discussions of any successful game that makes you be a lady for most of its length and complain about it being "woke", even one game with a female protagonist seems to be too many for them.

badsectoracula 4mo ago

Nice, i've used similar approach for the lighting in Post Apocalyptic Petra[0] though i did use per-pixel LUT offset calculation[1] because it uses a generic 3D triangle rasterizer (the levels are based on grids like in Tomb Raider but they're rendered as triangles). Later i added sprite support for another gamejam but i never ended up finishing it and the sprite support is very rudimentary (and unoptimized - i just noticed i'm doing the LUT lookup for every pixel when drawing shaded sprites which isn't necessary). I did write a tool for generating the sprites from 3D models though[2]. It uses plain old OpenGL 1.1 to draw the sprite and grabs the framebuffer directly. It is drawn fullbright so i can paint the lighting directly on the sprite's texture (using a Krita plugin i wrote[3][4] - the model is something i threw together with Blender's default generated UV since i didn't care for the details). I wonder if doing some sort of postprocessing (after rendering with with shading) like you do with your game would help with the finer details since i also found that rendering from 3D models to sprites creates very "mushy" results most of the time because of all the details getting lost. I notice the colors also become more saturated after postprocessing in your examples, is this after it finds the closest color in the palette or the result of the postprocess? I'd like to keep the overall hue+saturation of the model so maybe doing post-processing on a grayscale render to shade the shadows/dark areas but keep highlights as-is and then multiplying that with the fullbright image would produce results that wont shift the saturation. [0] https://bad-sector.itch.io/post-apocalyptic-petra https://bad-sector.itch.io/post-apocalyptic-petra [1] https://codeberg.org/badsector/PetraEngine/src/commit/14ca1696227984d17dad676ff621e24aa3c3c9dc/Engine/FBRaster.pas#L322 https://codeberg.org/badsector/PetraEngine/src/commit/14ca16... [2] http://runtimeterror.com/pages/iv/images/95ddebc51e4dfa8a5afb8b1e636f051a.png http://runtimeterror.com/pages/iv/images/95ddebc51e4dfa8a5af... [3] http://runtimeterror.com/tools/kritaview3d/ http://runtimeterror.com/tools/kritaview3d/ [4] http://runtimeterror.com/pages/iv/images/535f0e09e590d8a1731c2e2ca2a18d3b.png http://runtimeterror.com/pages/iv/images/535f0e09e590d8a1731...

sklopec 4mo ago
>I notice the colors also become more saturated after postprocessing in your examples, is this after it finds the closest color in the palette or the result of the postprocess? It's the result of the Blender compositor postprocessing, just keep in mind it falls apart once you go low enough in resolution (it's an image space thing after all), so I'm not sure if that helps your case. EDIT: Also, your project is very cool!

blackhaz 4mo ago

Everything is perfect here. The hero, the graphics, the title... <3

garganzol 4mo ago
I like the theme too. In general, author does not seem to follow typical rules. In my opinion, this is a huge bonus for him as an artist.

badsectoracula 4mo ago

As a side note, the visual style in the game reminds me a lot of Exhumed / Powerslave :-).

zerr 4mo ago

I hope they leveraged Mode X :)

trashb 4mo ago

This game looks great I really like the style it is inspiring. The author seems to consider open-sourcing the engine, I would also be interested in the mentioned scripts for asset creation. Those scripts would make a great toolset for asset creation in this style.

gotski 4mo ago

This is terrific. I love reading about the creative process involved in a project like this, finding cool solutions to self-imposed boundaries. I think the mix of highly rational reasoning and "it just feels right" is a killer combo too, it gives a rigorous basis for a lot of the decisions made, while also allowing for a strongly personal aesthetic to emerge. Very cool indeed.

harel 4mo ago

This is beautiful. I wish one day I'll have to time for a project like that. Looking forward to buying it on Steam.

renyicircle 4mo ago

I really loved that article. Creating games always seemed so daunting to me since I don't know a lot about how it's done, there are so many different processes involved. The solutions described here are so satisfyingly compact and so easy to understand given the simple constraints, and yet they produce an actual game that looks nice.

Levitating 4mo ago

I love this! I have been working on a similar project, recreating the originale BBC Elite but with multiplayer networking. Though I have not limited myself as much (I use SDL).

progforlyfe 4mo ago

Much respect -- at first glance when I saw the animated gif I thought this was just a project making assets from scratch for an existing game engine (e.g. Doom or Wolf 3D) but then I realize it's creating all the game code from scratch too! (But using similar techniques from the old days). Amazing work.

binaryturtle 4mo ago

With the title I was expecting some notes about DeluxePaint, but it was still a nice read nonetheless. Wish you much success with the game! :-)

mkl 4mo ago

Graphics programming in the early to mid 1990s was pretty fun: write pixel data into the memory-mapped video RAM and it appears on the screen! A pointer to 0xA0000 was all you needed - no API or anything. The reason for the non-square-pixel 320×200 VGA mode they mention was that the video buffer took 64000 bytes, which fit into a 16-bit segment, making addressing it easy in 16-bit code/CPUs.

badsectoracula 4mo ago
> A pointer to 0xA0000 was all you needed Though your extender could make things a little more annoying on that front :-P (DJGPP and Free Pascal -which use the same "go32" extender by DJ Delorie- do not do a full linear mapping so you need to do a bit more juggling to get stuff on screen there)
- 1313ed01 4mo ago
  There is 16-bit DOS support in Free Pascal these days (yes, added long after 32-bit DOS support). That makes it easier to get a pointer to video memory. Makes other things less easy. Also some (more) free (open source) 16-bit C-compilers now, like the ia16 gcc port and Microsoft's C compiler included in the MS-DOS repo on GitHub. Not that 32-bit extenders do not come with some advantages, but I enjoy the simplicity of 16-bit.
  - badsectoracula 4mo ago
    [dead]
russdill 4mo ago
Until VGA came along....the story was much more complex.
- mkl 4mo ago
  No, I'm talking about VGA. Super VGA is where it got more complicated, with its many variations, higher resolutions, and higher bit depths.

cosiiine 4mo ago

This is a wonderful deep dive into your project. I'm early days on creating pixel art style procedural art systems, and this gives me plenty to think about.

boricj 4mo ago

I'm tinkering with a voxel space rendering tech demo as a PlayStation homebrew. After one weekend of work I'm getting decent results (like, 10-15 FPS) and I've yet to use the DMA, the GTE or even polylines primitives. It's refreshing to dust up trigonometry and good old low-level optimization tricks. When the scratchbuffer has 1 KiB and the stack can only use a fraction of that, it makes me realize how spoiled I'm at work with the microcontrollers we have, with threads being allocated 8 KiB of stack and backtraces with over 50 functions of C++ templates on it.

kylemaxwell 4mo ago

Every time I think about graphics programming, I think about how we did it in the mid 90s when I was in high school messing around with exactly these things. XOR operations to drive animations, writing directly to memory, etc. (Clearly I do backend stuff now...)

rezmason 4mo ago

A great writeup of excellent work! The flight simulator / magic carpet easter egg in Microsoft Excel 97 used that same shaded-colormap palette trick, plus some dithering: https://rezmason.github.io/excel_97_egg https://rezmason.github.io/excel_97_egg https://rezmason.github.io/excel_97_egg/about.html https://rezmason.github.io/excel_97_egg/about.html I'm impressed by your sprite pipeline and gibs animations. Your attention to detail and navigation of constraints have really paid off, I can't wait to play this sometime

phkahler 4mo ago

>> What this actually means is, the constraints I have foolishly imposed upon myself are as follows.... Those kind of constraints can lead to increased creativity, and can also influence the overall style of a game. It's part of the reason early 80's arcade games had so much diversity.

corysama 4mo ago

If you want to play with software rendering, here's probably the shortest code that will get an ARGB8888 2D array from main memory to the screen efficiently for all platforms using SDL2 in C https://gist.github.com/CoryBloyd/6725bb78323bb1157ff8d4175d42d789 https://gist.github.com/CoryBloyd/6725bb78323bb1157ff8d4175d... you'll need to do the translation from a 320x200x8-bit palletized framebuffer to ARGB yourself ;) If you want to get inspired by what can be done with palletized framebuffers check out http://www.effectgames.com/demos/canvascycle/ http://www.effectgames.com/demos/canvascycle/ (click Show Options) and the GDC presentation by the artist https://youtu.be/aMcJ1Jvtef0 https://youtu.be/aMcJ1Jvtef0 With that you can fire up https://github.com/mriale/PyDPainter https://github.com/mriale/PyDPainter for that classic Deluxe Paint IIe vibe. Or, https://www.aseprite.org/ https://www.aseprite.org/ for something more modern.

yunnpp 4mo ago
At least with SDL3, you don't even need the renderer or the texture anymore. SDL_GetWindowSurface to get the surface and SDL_UpdateWindowSurface to present. That's the more software-graphics you can get from my understanding of the library. SDL still does the double-buffering for you.
- TazeTSchnitzel 4mo ago
  SDL has always made it easy to directly present a software buffer of pixels to the screen. I'm not sure why someone would want to use the renderer/texture thing for this use case.
  - yunnpp 4mo ago
    I think it's because it's what every tutorial does, and people just copy-paste that template without giving it too much thought. Just need to dig through the API a little.
bellowsgulch 4mo ago
Thank you for sharing this. There's a handful of very popular Quake forks already, but Planimeter publishes a Quake-VS2026 fork that doesn't introduce changes. The team is working on x64 builds, which requires replacing the old SciTech Mult-platform Graphics Library (x86 only) with SDL3 (or port scitech-mgl to x64, which I don't think will happen) and the last I understood, the software renderer may be dropped. But maybe a software renderer and SDL_Texture could preserve it?

robterrell 4mo ago

This is so great. Another fun trick we used in the 90s was palette animation -- by swapping the palette you can create incredibly cool effects at a low runtime cost.

itomato 4mo ago
Blue: water. Purple: plasma. Red/orange: blood/lava
ferguess_k 4mo ago
I recall that Diablo 1 (and 2) has a lot of enemies that are essentially the same sprite but different palette. Is it the same trick?
- keithnz 4mo ago
  it used to be a hardware thing, so if your pixels were represented by a nibble, and the definition of the color for each of the 16 possible value is in table the hardware references, you just update that table (on a vsync, or even an hsync) and you could get cool animations effects (for the time) random example from the Atari 800xl https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uPjLZ4MVKCc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uPjLZ4MVKCc (you can see how slow it is to draw a scene, but the animation effect due to pallete rotation is really fast).
  - ferguess_k 4mo ago
    Thanks for the tip!
EvanAnderson 4mo ago
Changing the pallette mid-frame is fun, too. You have to pay a lot more attention to timing since you don't have a copper (like the Amiga) on the PC, but it's still feasible.
shakow 4mo ago
Indeed, and I highly recommend this website for some stunning examples of the technique. http://www.effectgames.com/demos/canvascycle/ http://www.effectgames.com/demos/canvascycle/

mempko 4mo ago

Wow, this takes me back of making my own software renderer and game engine as a teen in the 90s. Then OpenGL came out and fixed pipelines and some of the cool magic of doing anything with pixels disappeared (until pixel shaders came back). One cool rendering technique you don't see much today is voxel graphics.

jonoxtoby 4mo ago

This is a great write-up of your process and behind-the-scenes peek at the making of what looks to be a really fun game! Can't wait to play and delve into the code once you release it.

ogurechny 4mo ago

Step 0 is missing: having a great taste. One look at the video example is enough to figure out that the author keeps things in balance and in style. Explanations of why pixel grid mismatch looks wrong, or why mismatch between texture density and geometric complexity (in both ways) looks horrible, or why smoothing does not blend with pixel art are then made in retrospect. Some details are a bit too cool for 1993, though, and assume high frame rate (won't work that well at low fps). Smooth weapon animations with a lot of frames, tiny per-pixel effects on bullet holes and flash sprites, smooth movement and object position calculations that use precise math instead of fast rough estimates resemble Chasm: The Rift or Quake (the concept of idle animations, e. g. objects moving in the starting view of difficulty selection room, assumes that there is some performance to waste on details that make the world less empty).

mg794613 4mo ago

There is nothing wrong with using AI. What I don't like is to see claims like "no AI slop" And yet it's riddled with emdashes and language "by hand" Seeing the skills of the writer, he definitely should be able to, but then I don't understand the claim.

ch_sm 4mo ago
I don’t know. Em-dashes are normal punctuation. The prose on the site doesn‘t strike me as particularly AI-y, but of course I might be wrong. Generally speaking, if the person wants to not use AI and tell people that, thats fine by me too.
engcoach 4mo ago
We're getting to the point that building something with AI doesn't really indicate skill. So, for a prestige project, there is great value in avoiding AI use.
Supermancho 4mo ago
From the article they list a bunch of arbitrary constraints... > If this sounds unreasonable to you, that is because it is. Those listed, are tame. I don't understand this kind of faux modesty. > My goal was to build a complete, shippable first-person shooter using techniques that were common in the early 90s Goes on to explain how they used 3D blender...which wasn't available until 1998. A vanity cat project being tailored and submitted for nostalgia clickbait. I don't think there's anything useful to take away from this other than some color shade selection ideas.
- mrob 4mo ago
  >Goes on to explain how they used 3D blender...which wasn't available until 1998. In the early 90s, there was enough money in this kind of software that you could have hired a specialist 3D artist to use the software that was available at the time, e.g. LightWave 3D. When it's only a single-person project, I think it's reasonable to stick with what you know.
- ogurechny 4mo ago

reifcode 4mo ago

one of my very first solo projects during high school was writing a wolfenstein-like raycaster from scratch. I still hold some very fond memories of programming it, arguably one of the moments I fell in love with the craft

fabiensanglard 4mo ago

Consider a premium, boxed version. I would buy it. And I think a lot other would. Maybe try a kickstarter to see how many are interested?

mrob 4mo ago

In the final video, it looks like the destructible vases take several shots to destroy. IMO, they should only take one. Real life vases only take one, so requiring more makes the gun feel weak. It seems to be cosmetic anyway, so there's no game balance reason to require more.

wazoox 4mo ago

That's beautiful. I hope it will run on a 486DX2 :D

tobadzistsini 4mo ago

[flagged]

akoboldfrying 4mo ago
I'm tempted to call people who get upset over harmless pronoun jokes "human garbage", but the truth is that would be overkill. "Irksome" covers it.

ferguess_k 4mo ago

I find the most interesting things are the internal tools -- like the Python script to generate the gib animation, or the other Python script to generate 2D spritesheet from Blender. OP is definitely a 10x engineer who can also do good arts. This is very rare IMO. I'm very surprised to find that OP has consistent art direction.

kridsdale1 4mo ago
It seemed, as a fan of the genre in the 90s, like these Renaissance Engineers were behind every major hit. I remember some of their names, they are true artists. I have no idea the names of nearly anyone but a CEO or lead Director in the games industry of the past 15 years.
- ferguess_k 4mo ago
  As a side note, I checked OP's other projects, and looks like he/she was already OK with arts from earlier on: https://staniks.github.io/articles/inferno/ https://staniks.github.io/articles/inferno/ https://staniks.github.io/articles/worship/ https://staniks.github.io/articles/worship/

relativeadv 4mo ago

Bravo! Wonderful read. The comments here are a cesspool unfortunately. People bickering about pronouns used for cats, how many shots it takes for a vase to explode, or whether or not some circa-1993 software was used or mentioned.

wuliwong 4mo ago

I am not even a noob with game development. I dabbled with Godot a couple years ago and was making a funny weight lifter game, some sorta stat management sim. It was actually pretty fun but I didn't get past some pretty early working versions. I thought I could really level up with Claude and I started working on a boxing game. It's been a total disaster. .·°՞(˃ ᗜ ˂)՞°·.

Teslazar 4mo ago

Great article. I particularly enjoyed the approach to creating gibs. Although it was a tech demo, I created something like this around the mid 90s. One thing I did that I don't see mentioned in this article was I used 8x8 (or 16x16) light maps on the textures, which allowed me to easily have things like flickering torches and rockets that lit up the hallways as they shot down them. Lightmaps can also be used to "bake in" lighting if desired. Since the light map is "only" 8x8 you can afford to do some math on each luxel (each unit in the light map) to calculate distance and line of sight to light sources to determine a brightness value. When rendering the texture, the luxel was used with a lookup table to determine the actual color of the pixel being drawn. The light maps were updated 15 times a second if I recall correctly to help performance. Thanks to DJGPP, I was using inline assembly for the rendering. Since floating point math was slow at the time I used fixed point math which optimized well. The rendering was surprisingly performant on computers of the day.

pragma_x 4mo ago
> I used fixed point math which optimized well. I feel like the idea of fixed-point is under-utilized and very under appreciated. There are loads of applications where this is a better choice, let alone more performant.
- dhosek 4mo ago
  This was the choice that Knuth made in TeX and Metafont although it’s also at least in part because floating point implementations in the late 70s/early 80s were so inconsistent from one platform to the next that using native floating point couldn’t satisfy his requirement of identical output on all platforms (likewise, the variations of Pascal implementations meant that he also used a highly restricted subset of Pascal features and no dynamic memory allocation).
- Const-me 4mo ago
  > let alone more performant Not anymore. On modern hardware, the only operation where integers win is single cycle add/sub. For the rest of operations (multiplication, division, square roots, etc.) floating point is faster, sometimes by a lot.

Terr_ 4mo ago

> Well, it would work, but the result would look terrible because pixel scale is no longer consistent. This is my complaint with a lot of "graphical enhancement" mods for games like Deus Ex. Unless they touch everything, the inconsistent level of detail is worse than consistently low-res meshes/textures.

perfect_wave 4mo ago

[dead]

nopurpose 4mo ago

What does he mean by inconsistent pixel scale when he talks against increasing sprite resolution?

pragma_x 4mo ago
Just a guess: if you want to scale a sprite at anything less than a whole ratio (e.g. 1.5, 0.7, etc), you have to choose pixels to drop out and pixels to repeat , on some pattern that looks good. There are going to be scaling ratios that look like a hot mess, especially at a low resolution like 320x240.
- mrob 4mo ago
  In context, it's talking about sprites that are going to get non-integer scaled anyway (in-game pickups), so it's just about maintaining a consistent detail level. If those specific sprites had their resolution increased, everything else would need its resolution increased to match them. Inconsistent resolution isn't necessarily a bad thing, e.g. Elite for the BBC Micro changes video mode part way down the screen so it can display both high resolution monochrome wireframe 3D and a lower resolution color map/UI below, but it's not idiomatic to the MS-DOS style this game is going for.

jiffygist 4mo ago

Will definitely play when it's released. Doom is my favourite game and I enjoy playing it at 320x200.

zackmorris 4mo ago

We randomly chose magenta as our transparent pixel for shareware games too! I consider 1993 the last "good" year of the pre-internet age. The web didn't go mainstream until around 95, and 94 felt like a liminal year (dunno why). In 93 one could still wrap a plaid shirt around one's waist without fear of ridicule. Grunge and alternative music hadn't quite landed in rural America yet, although we didn't know what we were missing. The Telecommunications Act, Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, USA PATRIOT Act, and so many other regressive/draconian laws hadn't passed yet to create the wealth inequality consuming the American Dream today. Although the Grand Upright Music vs Warner Bros decision had happened in 91 in an attempt to destroy hip-hop for racist reasons under the guise of protecting copyright. The Rodney King beating had happened the year before, but the OJ trial was still 2 years away. We were blissfully ignorant of the very ignorance and hate that would put us on this alternate timeline. It was like living in the Shire before the War of the Ring. I can't stress enough how games like Wolfenstein 3D and DOOM completely blew our minds. They came out about 6-7 years before The Matrix, so the closest conceptual framework we had for it was probably The Lawnmower Man. Virtua Racing and Virtua Fighter came out about that time, but somehow couldn't compare. I remember using a drafting program on a 33 MHz PC with a 16 color monitor in drafting class, and DOOM revealed that even then, computers were running hundreds of times slower than they were capable of (millions of times slower today). If I could go back to any time with what I know now, it would be spring of 93.

zackmorris 4mo ago
Sorry, false memory - I remembered the full story in all of its gory details after sleeping on it. We did use magenta and colors near it for reserved pixels that would never be seen onscreen, but in our case it was for color animation. The Mac couldn't do full-screen palette animation in a way sanctioned by the OS, because Apple arbitrarily inserted an internal wait for the vsync monitor refresh interval in all of its palette functions, with no way to disable it or directly access the low memory variables that controlled the color lookup table (CLUT) like on the PC. So an empty main loop with palette animation ran at 60 fps, but doing any draw calls at all caused a timing miss which dropped it to 30 fps, while the CPU sat at about 50% idle. Our games redrew the whole screen anyway, so we opted to translate pixel colors on the fly via our own lookup table instead. Apple also didn't provide OS calls for page flipping (to draw the next frame of animation while the current one is shown to double the frame rate), probably by design to maintain the Mac's image as a "professional" desktop computer, because such tricks were well-understood in the gaming industry. Or video resolutions below 640x480 (sometimes 512x384 on certain models). Apple also tended to ship machines with half-width busses (supposedly to reduce cost) like the Mac LC, which reduced memory bandwidth so much that full-screen scrolling was difficult to achieve. Those decisions prevented the Mac from becoming a performant gaming system, even though the RISC-like 68k chip with its numerous registers, predictable instruction set format and unsegmented memory were far superior to PC architecture at the time IMHO. Later PowerPC chips like the 603e had a cache misalignment issue where double-width 8 byte memory copies that weren't 8 byte aligned ran at about half speed (probably using 2 copies internally) so I think we had to drop down to single-width 4 byte copies or use a cache hint function to disable caching while copying image buffers, which ran slightly slower. Notable snafus included years-long delay of support for newer OpenGL versions, so we were stuck with fixed-pipeline 1.x calls long after the PC was exploring shaders. Then iOS only supported OpenGL ES, with no real reason not to offer an ES compatibility layer on desktop, necessitating support of 2 codepaths. Instead of remedying that stuff, they introduced Metal, which nobody asked for. Not to mention deprecating wide swaths of the OS, forcing rewrites from MacOS 8 to 9 (Carbon), then from 9 to X (Cocoa), then from MacOS to iOS (Objective-C and Swift). Don't forget the 68k to PowerPC to Intel to ARM chip migrations, which forced developers to be aware of endianness issues, which greatly increased the complexity of reading/writing binary files. Combining all of those permutations, MacOS software would often only survive perhaps 3 years before needing a rewrite. I probably have 10 times as many applications (mostly old games) on my Mac with a no-smoking sign through them as runnable applications. I'm reminded of the expression "lemons for the price of peaches". The outer elegance of the Mac obfuscated the underlying byzantine layers. Denial became woven into the Mac experience, so much so that developers took a certain level of trauma to keep up appearances. I know I did. That's why I got out of the biz in the early 2010s after so many of our games that we put so much work into turned out to be commercial failures. We might have made 10 times more money targetting the PC, and conceivably 100 times more if we had cross-platform resources like Unity and Steam. I bring this stuff up because rose colored glasses often obscure what really happened. Especially now with political insiders and the media producing so much revisionist history. Stuff we remember as cutting-edge manifested because the state of the art at the time was so abysmal. I look around today and I see a whole lot of assumptions being made that this is all there is. That the current path of tech is the one true way. When nothing could be further from the truth. We're ruled by powerful duopoly forces presenting the illusion of choice, when all eggs are in the GPU basket. But do they use GPUs on Star Trek? Probably not.

low_tech_love 4mo ago

Looks really cool, please release episode 1 as shareware! (Or a demo on Steam works too)

evolve2k 4mo ago

So refreshing to have this NOT read a few pageS IN; words to the effect of.. “and the I asked Claude to build most of it for me then set to tweaking a few parts at the edges before asking Claude to write up this blog post”

dhosek 4mo ago

The last real graphic programming¹ I’ve done was in the late 80s targeting the Tektronics graphics mode of the Kermit terminal software on the PC.² It was all pretty much clear the screen and draw solid rectangles in 1-bit black and white. One of these days I’m going to join the twenty-first century. ⸻ 1. I suppose some hand-written PostScript code might count as well, but I wouldn’t really count things like doing a simple function graph in python to explain something to my son as graphics programming. 2. This was for a DVI previewer running on an IBM mainframe running VM/CMS. As far as I know, this code is completely lost, which is probably a good thing.

microtonal 4mo ago

@sklopec any chance you have a Mastodon or maybe Bluesky account where we can follow your work? Would love to follow development and buy your game when it's out.

cautiouscat 4mo ago

Maybe the recent final update to Destiny has already taken over my brain but if Marko is a Destiny fan, he has a great GitHub username. This is an extremely detailed article on every level and I can’t wait to deep dive into it. Marko really nailed the “old” look but it still looks fresh and new.

pjs_ 4mo ago

looks really beautiful, amazing job

test1072 4mo ago

it's my birth year

purple-leafy 4mo ago

Cool project! How hard was it to get the z levels (height) ?? I made a very similar project [0] in C 2 years ago, a chunked ray caster that could handle multiple height levels. Was one of my first C projects, pretty crappy but was fun. Anyone have any ideas how to make it more memory efficient? It’s full of bugs was just a for fun project [0] - https://github.com/con-dog/chunked-z-level-raycaster/blob/master/README.md https://github.com/con-dog/chunked-z-level-raycaster/blob/ma...

WhoAteSnorlax 4mo ago

[dead]

TheAmazingRace 4mo ago

It doesn't say in the blog post, but will this be released for MS-DOS?

wonkyfruit 4mo ago

Genuinely lit. Gives me a whole new appreciation for the games I played as a kid, and John Carmack. Nice project :D

massifist 4mo ago

If there's enough room, you could add special palette indexes that stay constant or diminish more slowly with distance. To give a glow effect for lights, torches, etc. I always appreciated this effect in Quake. EDIT: Oh nevermind. I guess brightmaps are more flexible.

Felger 4mo ago

Well here's goes my self-esteem again. I hate you ! :D (Nice job, seriously)

hankbond 4mo ago

I was genuinely surprised how good the render -> quantized sprite looked. That quick conversion made them look crispy.

canyp 4mo ago
Ironically, the image showing the graph that does that transformation could have gone through the pipeline as well. I'd be curious to know in more detail what exactly is going on there. I guess the box sharpening is where most of the beef is.

Panzerschrek 4mo ago

> Catlantean 3D is a traditional raycaster. The map consists of tiles which are all identical in size; It's sad. That's why I never finished playing Wolfenstein 3D - it looks too boring. In the other hand I enjoy playing Doom, mods for it and games using its engine. I hope the author can still add some improvements to allow such boring look typical for raycaster engines.

Panzerschrek 4mo ago

> We then choose the number of shade levels (32 in my case) meaning each color needs 31 darker variants I suggest to use not only darker variants, but also brighter ones - for bright map areas and maybe for some lighting effects like flashlight.

Panzerschrek 4mo ago

> The generation pipeline takes several inputs: > a heightmap that defines the surface relief > this is actually just used to generate the normal map, which is then used to bake in simple lighting and shadows I don't think someone used this approach in 1993. Textures were drawn by hand. But I think it's still fine to use such modern way of generating textures, since it may produce better-looking result.

ant6n 4mo ago

I personally am not a big fan of the banding effect due to small number of light levels. One way to reduce that would be to introduce a 2x2 dithering matrix grid across the whole screen that introduces small “luxel” deltas like 0.5, -0,5; 0.5, -0.5. Some pixels will be brighter, some darker, reducing the banding. Could also try different matrices.

Agentlien 4mo ago

This is a cool project and I really like the author's technical and aesthetic choices of how to limit themselves. But what really stood out to me is this line. > a linear frame buffer where each pixel was represented by a single byte indexing into a palette of 256 colors. Of course this is nothing new, but it just really struck me because I've been working on a blog post about texture representation on modern consoles and it is crazy how complex it has gotten: texture tiles, block compression, non-linear texel ordering (e.g. Morton order), ...

vkaku 4mo ago

This author doesn't publish code, makes yet another Doom like Game, calls it not an AI slop. To the author's credit, seems to have made this 7 years ago, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YQ7aApNDPQc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YQ7aApNDPQc and then gave up working on it till recently. It doesn't look like slop at all, and it looks like it actually is. Could have been used to generate art assets, or finish something author did not have the energy to do before. Nobody cares if that was the case. Why the hate towards AI even?

jadecarter68 4mo ago

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