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Dogs poop in alignment with Earth’s magnetic field, study finds (2014)
- nebulous1 7y agoI'm so glad somebody is finally looking into this
- thisisnico 7y agoTax dollars well spent!
- HappyDreamer 7y agoI wonder how the researchers came up with the idea to study this. Anyway, this is good news? Dogs are more similar to humans, than what birds are, right. Maybe there's a magnetic field sensing dog gene that can be copied to humans? So that at least the future generations won't lose their orientation, as fast as I do, in the streets and indoor shopping malls.
- James_Henry 7y agoThere is a human neural response to magnetic fields: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/03/190318132646.htm https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/03/190318132646.h...
- HappyDreamer 7y ago> revealed a decrease in alpha-band brain activity -- an established response to sensory input -- in some participants Interesting this happened in only some participants. Makes me wonder about sensing fields caused by electricity or the very weak fields caused by flowing water (which tends to contain some salt ions / charged particles).
- HappyDreamer 7y agoEdit: flowing water = no fields, because plus and minus ions evens out, no net charge. However if one is small as a molecule and really close to the water, then I suppose one would feel the fields of individual dissolved salt ions passing by
- jshevek 7y agoThey were fishing for anything of apparent statistical significance.
- blazespin 7y agoLikely because this is common behavior in animals and humans. It makes sense that dogs could be influenced.
- HappyDreamer 7y ago> this is common behavior What does "this" here refer to? (Thanks for the reply :- ))
- fallingfrog 7y agoOr maybe, dogs just don’t like to look straight into the sun when they poop, which rises in the east and sets in the west. Good grief. Sometimes the smartest people are also the dumbest. Would you stare right at the sun when pooping?
- mmastrac 7y agoThey tested for that: > The fact that larger and faster changes in magnetic conditions result in random distribution of body directions, i.e., a lowering of the preferences and ceasing of the avoidances, can be explained either through disturbing or conscious “shutdown” of the magneto-reception mechanism.
- fallingfrog 7y agoI’ll bet if you repeated the whole thing on cloudy days only the effect would go away. You’d have to have very very strong evidence that dogs have some sensory organ that detects magnetic fields when the sun is right there in the sky and explains the effect in a way that is obvious to everyone.
- eganist 7y ago> I’ll bet if you repeated the whole thing on cloudy days only the effect would go away. You’d have to have very very strong evidence that dogs have some sensory organ that detects magnetic fields when the sun is right there in the sky and explains the effect in a way that is obvious to everyone. again, pages 5-6: > Even if we would assume that these sunshine hours were evenly distributed over the daylight period and the year (as our observations were),there would only be a probability of 33% that the observation was made when the sun was visible. Hence,with high probability (67%) most walks during the day-light period were made when it was cloudy. There's wisdom in reading the study before commenting further considering your specific rebuttals have all been addressed in the source material. There were literally nearly 7,500 measurement events factored into this study, the majority of which were likely cloudy given the location.
- badtooling 7y agoFwiw- India's vastu too has rules regarding pooping direction
- jammygit 7y ago...I used to joke with my wife this must be the case. My dog spends so much time trying to find the right place. It’s during the day, so it can’t be astrology, so must be leylines or the magnetic field of the earth. Elementary really She will get a kick out of this article for sure
- lupire 7y agoIf it were magnetism, it would be pretty easy for the dog to choose the direction.
- A4ET8a8uTh0 7y agoIt is interesting. Now that it was pointed out, the pattern does seem to match our dog as well. I would love to find out more. Mamy who saw dog select a spot are aware of the 'thrice blessed' dance.
- contravariant 7y agoI encourage everyone to read the paper linked in the article. They've gone through surprising amounts of effort to justify their conclusion, and it includes some surprisingly nice graphs of the 'alignment during defecation' of dogs. I sincerely hope their works will be recognised by the (Ig)-nobel committee.
- deleted 7y ago[deleted]
- ebg13 7y agoThe article was published at the end of 2013. They did get recognized.
- contravariant 7y agoOh right, I hadn't seen the date. Glad they got recognised though.
- nebulous1 7y agoThey indeed won the 2014 Ignoble Biology prize! https://www.improbable.com/ig-about/winners/#ig2014 https://www.improbable.com/ig-about/winners/#ig2014
- supernova87a 7y agoI did not understand the 3 bins of 0%, 1%, 2% etc. declination. Does anyone have a simple explanation for that? Also, the point about the sun is good -- maybe they just don't want sun in their eyes. Clearly the very dedicated and obsessed researcher needs to do a similar study but indoors. Can you imagine who has the personal passion to do this data collection?
- contravariant 7y agoI don't have a particularly good explanation for those specific choices, but I did notice that they resulted in somewhat similar sample sizes across all three bins, so it might just have been that.
- amiga_500 7y agoShould humans be doing the same? Is the failure to align toilets contributing to increased stress? We need more research!
- k__ 7y agoWhat are the applications if we would breed dogs based on that "skill"?
- Waterluvian 7y agoWe could breed homing dogs that can find their way home by following the treasure trail they left behind.
- quickthrower2 7y agoWell they have a good sense of smell already so the magnetic aspect probably wouldn’t add much.
- quickthrower2 7y agoInstead of packing a heavy compass when you go hiking, just bring a dog!
- geuis 7y agoI’m a real skeptic on this. I’ve had dogs my whole life and they just shit any which way they want. There have been no follow up studies that I can find to replicate this “experiment”. Searching around just finds lots of duplicate stories in the old echo chamber based on the original paper.
- eganist 7y agohttps://frontiersinzoology.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1742-9994-10-80 https://frontiersinzoology.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.11... The dataset seems to be robust. Would be even more interesting if reproduced, but I'd be surprised if someone faked nearly 7500 datapoints for the sake of giving dogs a magnetic sense.
- codazoda 7y agoSame. Reminds me of the study on stork vs human baby births. That was proven wrong shortly thereafter.
- huffmsa 7y agoDo they though? Take a compass out with you next time. Mine almost always face mostly north or mostly south, now that I'm thinking about it. And I'm pretty sure the dogs out my apartment window face mostly N/S. Will observe. There's a busy road right there so they might face it some
- Ididntdothis 7y agoI think it depends on the dog. Mine circles several times until she has found the perfect spot. Some fosters we had would just throw down wherever. I’ll definitely watch the direction next time.
- MrEldritch 7y agohm. upon reading the paper, this is sounding very suspicious. > The study was truly blind. Although the observers were acquainted with our previous studies on magnetic alignment in animals and could have consciously or unconsciously biased the results, no one, not even the coordinators of the study, hypothesized that expression of alignment could have been affected by the geomagnetic situation, and particularly by such subtle changes of the magnetic declination. The idea leading to the discovery of the correlation emerged after sampling was closed and the first statistical analyses (with rather negative results, cf.Figure 1) had been performed. Like, am I reading this wrong, or are they straight-up saying "we couldn't achieve statistical significance on our original hypothesis, so we just went fishing for correlations until one of them came up significant, and it turned out to be magnetic declination"?
- lonelappde 7y agoYes, that's a straight up admission of p-hacking. Also, the weasel word "truly" signifies deceit.
- eganist 7y agoI don't think that's necessarily a bad thing, though my opinion might've been influenced somewhat by 538. https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/science-isnt-broken/ https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/science-isnt-broken/
- ncmncm 7y agoWhy not? Science that insists on hypotheses written down beforehand is cargo-cult science. Observation is the first and most productive science. Double-blind experiments are to cement gains.
- lonelappde 7y agoYou are confusing hypothesis generation with hypothesis testing. Both are science, but only one is a reliable way to determine truth.
- ebg13 7y ago2013/2014
- tomas_aspre 7y agoHope this gains traction - imagine the societal consequences of optimizing human magnetic alignment in city planning and building/room layout. Also interesting and relevant: Magnetic alignment contributes to difficulty falling asleep (north-south alignment is best) [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280093617_The_Relationship_between_Quality_of_Sleep_and_Geographical_Directions_during_Sleeping_Process https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280093617_The_Relat...] Grazing cattle align on north-south axis [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23700176 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23700176]
- yoavm 7y agoIs it just me or is it really weird to start a scientific paper with "sleep has been one of God’s most precious blessings since human’s existence and it is vital for both body and soul"?
- schoen 7y agoIt reminds me of a line in "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner": https://www.litscape.com/author/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge/The_Rime_Of_The_Ancient_Mariner_Part_5.html https://www.litscape.com/author/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge/The_...
- trehalose 7y agoI'm extremely skeptical of the study you linked about magnetic alignment and sleep latency. Just looking at table 6 (the only table related to the only association stated significant), the stats for South-North sleepers look noticeably better than the stats for North-South sleepers. I'm no statistician, but just look at it. The South-North sleepers sample, versus the North-South (supposedly best) sleepers, has proportionately three times more people experiencing zero days weekly of difficulty getting to sleep, two-thirds as many people having even one day of difficulty, two-thirds as many people having two days of difficulty... and 50% more people having three days of difficulty, but even then, we're talking only four people each among a group of 47 vs a group of 35. Again, I'm no statistician, but does that last and smallest column overshadow the three much bigger columns with the opposite trend, to the point of being a 1 in 1000 result assuming the null hypothesis? Furthermore, the sleep measures were self-reported, through the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI), which I quote: >In Iran, Tehran psychiatry institute assessed the validity and reliability of the Farsi version of this questionnaire with 89.6% for sensitivity and 86.5% for specificity. Did the math behind this eye-catching <0.001 p-value take into account that the questionnaire used was measured to have a 10.4% false negative rate and a 13.5% false positive rate? I find it hard to believe. But I'd love to see a statistician who actually knows how to interpret these numbers tell me that I'm wrong.
- lonelappde 7y agoConsidering all the cases that were excluded, and the imprecision inherent in measuring poop direction, N is pretty low here.
- lonelappde 7y agoYou could answer this research question much more accurately by building an app and collecting data from users mobile devices.
- cgriswald 7y agoDid they have a control group pooping inside a Faraday cage?
- unsrsly 7y agoFun fact: Faraday cages don't block low frequency magnetic fields. But mu metal and active magnetic shielding can :)
- deleted 7y ago[deleted]
- huffmsa 7y agoNow that you mention it, my childhood dog almost always faced mostly north or south when conducting her business
- erickhill 7y agoIs this why some folks think dogs seem to be able to predict earthquakes? They have some built-in connection?
- ncmncm 7y agoEarthquake build-up produces electric fields. It would be a different sensory system.
- sebow 7y agoEM fields are sensed at different levels by different animals, plants, etc. Arguably the fact that the human brain is so complex and interconnected means that we sense very hardly these fields (like a black box). No study needed really,this has been known for decades.
- williesleg 7y agoThe shit PBS does for clicks.
- yovagoyu 7y agoTax dollars.
- yovagoyu 7y agoThe sun set/rises East/West. Maybe dogs just don't like looking directly into the sun when they go.
- chewbacha 7y agoThat was my first thought too.
- eganist 7y agoPages 6-8 (5-7 pdf) discuss the sun as well as measurements across times of day. https://frontiersinzoology.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1742-9994-10-80 https://frontiersinzoology.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.11...
- dmode 7y agoWhat about pooping at night though?
- EADGBE 7y agoOr high-noon? I have it on good suspicion that dogs can poop any time of day, not just early morning/evening.
- simonw 7y agoThe thing I love about this story is that it is SUCH a dog thing to do. Dogs would absolutely poop in alignment with earth's magnetic field. They wouldn't need a reason to do it. It's just the kind of thing they'd do.
- polynomial 7y agoSurprised to see this on pbs (then again, not) but a great example of anti-science being buoyed by a sea of epistemic uncertainty. Hopefully we'll being hearing more about this study come September at the Ig-Nobel awards, in the category of best p-hacking.
- gnicholas 7y ago*pee-hacking
- alexilliamson 7y agoI just want to say that these are some of the most fun comments I've seen in a while on an HN thread. Thanks everyone and make sure your toilets are aligned!
- remcob 7y agoYou don't need any magnetic field to distinguish the north-south direction. It is simply the direction shadows are cast when the sun is at its brightest. Consequently, plants will have adjusted to it, providing many (subconscious) clues. The sun makes things strongly non-isotropic, and these clues are everywhere; in the light, in the plants, in the wind, in sound, in urban planning, etc. I expect most of the anecdotal 'evidence' to be explained by this. What would compel me is if randomly changing the magnetic field correlates with the observations, which is what this study seems to have done.
- deleted 7y ago[deleted]
- metabagel 7y agoInstant Ig Nobel finalist. https://www.improbable.com/ig-about/ https://www.improbable.com/ig-about/
- xenospn 7y agoAnecdotally, I actually tested this one time. I pulled out my phone and launched the compass app. My dog was PERFECTLY aligned and was facing north while pooping. Never tested it again, tho. But if it was a fluke, it was a very impressive one.
- nate_meurer 7y agoI have four dogs, and I watch them poop every day. For some reason they have to slowly turn lots of circles before they're satisfied they have the best pooping position, and if the sun is out, they almost always settle on a position where they're not facing directly into the sun. Makes sense from a practical viewpoint. You're more vulnerable to attack when you're pooping out in the open, and even moreso if the sun is right in your eyes. To the extent that more pooping is done near the middle of the day, north-south pooping orientation would naturally dominate. No need for a sixth "compass" sense.
- blazespin 7y agofrom the paper -- https://frontiersinzoology.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1742-9994-10-80 https://frontiersinzoology.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.11... Typically, the daily declination comprises westwardshifts in the morning and eastward-shifts in the afternoon, while the magnetic field is rather stable at night [21,22]. This calls for necessity to test whether the dog alignment is not actually influenced primarily by time of the day and most probably by position of the sun on the sky. We can, however, exclude this alternative. First, days when the magnetic field parameters change erratically and unpredictably (i.e., magnetic storms) are quite frequent. These changes have been well studied by others and are described in the literature (cf. [21,22] for reviews). Second, the data collection was not biased to either morning or afternoon (Table 8). Third, periods of sampling under conditions of quiet magnetic field were rather evenly distributed in the course of the day. Fourth, and most importantly, alignment during excreting was apparent under conditions of quiet magnet field, irrespective of the time of day or month. Time of day per se was not a reliable predictor of expression of alignment (Figure 2, Tables 3, 9). Fifth, generally, there are on average 1,450 sunshine hours per year at maximum in the Czech Republic and in Germany, on localities where measurements were done. Even if we would assume that these sunshine hours were evenly distributed over the daylight period and the year (as our observations were), there would only be a probability of 33% that the observation was made when the sun was visible. Hence, with high probability (67%) most walks during the daylight period were made when it was cloudy. Last but not least, the argument that the dogs might orient with regard to sun position so that they turn with their back to the sun in order to avoid dazzling by sunshine during such a sensitive and vulnerable act as excretion can be questioned. This argument is not plausible for urine marking, which is a brief act. We doubt that a dog that cares of not being attacked would always make sure to be turned away from the sun. The dog will likely look in that direction from where danger can most probably be expected - and this is for sure not always the direction away from the sun. In contrast to a human, the dog is relying also on its nose and its ears (in some breeds even more than on its eyes) when monitoring its surroundings - so we may expect that the dog heads with its nose and pinnae against the wind or in the direction of interest. Directing the pinnae and the nose may take priority over eyes. One can also often observe that dogs (especially during defecation) align in a certain direction, which is actually a different one from the direction of interest and they turn their head then in that other direction. Also we have to take into account that dogs are smaller than humans, they look at a different angle over the horizon and even in situations when we are dazzled, they might be not. Quite important: note also that the preference is axial - there are many cases when the dog actually looks southwards. There is no evidence for shift of the alignment axis during the day.
- blululu 7y agoThis is fun, however it seems like it would be easier and more reliable to just put some dogs next to a gigantic magnet. There are a number of confounds related to sunlight and other geophysical parameters (wind) that are not controlled for in this study. A magnet would demonstrate a clear causal link much faster than forcing some grad students to watch dogs pooping in uncontrolled settings. Though I suppose people who own 4T magnets are probably not cool with some random person showing up with a dozen dogs and a couple of compost bags.
- blazespin 7y agoThat's the next paper I'm sure. This one was likely a study of the results and an accidental reveal of the correlation. It's possible the correlation was accidental though, a minor bit of p-hacking. It'd be awesome to prove this false (if false) as it'd be a very compelling learning study for problem of p-hacking.
- aaron695 7y agoIt's turtles all the way down http://scienceinpoland.pap.pl/en/news/news%2C80222%2Cwoof-you-believe-it-magnets-change-behaviour-defecating-dogs.html http://scienceinpoland.pap.pl/en/news/news%2C80222%2Cwoof-yo...
- c3534l 7y agoTurn it into an experiment and I'll believe it. See if you can control where dogs poop with an elecromagnet.
- blazespin 7y agoTo be fair, this is pretty common in animals. https://www.momtastic.com/webecoist/2008/09/18/animal-magnetism-the-amazing-and-weird-ways-animals-are-affected-by-the-earths-magnetic-field/ https://www.momtastic.com/webecoist/2008/09/18/animal-magnet... It's quite possible.
- heimatau 7y agoI come to HN for the comments. You don't disappoint. I'm glad we have multiple people whom thinking critically enough about a publication to demystify it. Nate says it's simply primal. Eldritch talked about the cognitive bias. Etc, etc. thanks for the critical thinking!! keep up the great work!
- archsurface 7y agoI don't have dogs, but I see people walking their dogs, and they don't give a damn which way they're facing. Tree, bush, wall, open pavement - all fine. They walk, they break, they walk.
- shd4 7y agoGod damnit, that made me laugh. Beautiful creatures.
- jackcosgrove 7y agoDogs circling to poop, puts a new spin on the idea of the lodestone.
- jimnotgym 7y agoI think the authors need a reminder that coprology does not imply causation.
- j-james 7y agoRelated: in 2008 the German University of Duisburg-Essen did a study on cattle based off of Google Earth images, with similar results. The researchers also did field studies of deer in the Czech Republic. They found that the vast majority (well over 2/3) aligned themselves along a north/south or south/north meridian [1]. edit: it seems tomas_aspre found the actual publication [2]. [1] http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7575459.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7575459.stm [2] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23700176 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23700176
- jb775 7y agoI just grabbed my compass to check...can confirm that my black lab Piper's recent poops have been north/south. Now that I think of it, I can't remember a time she hasn't been facing north/south...no matter the weather or time of day.
- aj7 7y agoMy wife, who can barely read a map, has such good directional sense that I am convinced that attoampere(?) currents induced in her brain as she cuts through the earth’s magnetic field are interpretable by her and form memories.
- salawat 7y agoI'm kind of skeptical on this one. I find that there are far more factors that tend to take priority in the direction our dog relieves herself. Oncoming/prevailing wind, rain, whether she was spooked in a particular direction or not, amount of exertion (was she running or walking before the urge hit), ambient noise, presence of echo, presence of other animals and whether or not she feels safe around them. I mean, it's a nice sample size, and I suppose the data is fun, but a follow up should probably be done taking into account magnetic north is currently hauling ass to the geospatial west and see if dog alignment changes with that. Furthermore, where are the instances of dogs forming defecation circles around MRI's? No defecate based outlines of magnetic field lines, no dice in my humble opinion. Yes. I know, I'm a stick in the mud; but if you're going to claim something like this, that's actually a fairly easy way to confirm it. Just head to a radiology clinic with your dog and have them do their business. You should see wildly divergent behavior over time, because they aim to keep those machines operating regularly, which should definitely be able to overwhelm the Earth's ambient magnetic field in close proximity.
- cumunism 7y agomy dog cares that his back isn't facing the open, that is about it. lol "study"
- amriksohata 7y agoThis reminded me of this article in the BBC of https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/stories-51281856/electrosensitivity-i-didn-t-believe-people-had-it-then-it-happened-to-me https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/stories-51281856/electrosensit... and related studies behind it http://www.utdallas.edu/news/2016/2/3-31891_Study-Uncovers-How-Electromagnetic-Fields-Amplify-_story-wide.html http://www.utdallas.edu/news/2016/2/3-31891_Study-Uncovers-H... https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/mar/18/humans-earth-magnetic-field-magnetoreception https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/mar/18/humans-earth... Basicaly in nearly all Hindu texts, when praying or doing Yoga they tell people to face East/the sun, so that your magnetic field is aligned as unaligning it risks disease. The team say modern environments would likely interfere with this “sense”, while there is no sign as yet that such a system is linked to human consciousness, or that it influences our behaviour – although the team say it remains a possibility, and are planning experiments to find out. I wonder if dogs almost feel a need to align with field in the right way to feel comfortable.
- tribeofone 7y agoLOVE weekend posts on HN!
- tuesday20 7y agoWould be nice to know if there is any other reason, other than “don’t like sun in my eyes”. I remember during the tsunamis, animals knew something is gonna happen and got restless. I wonder how much of these intuition and senses humans have lost, by tuning out nature
- jwmerrill 7y agoThis study hinges on binning by variability of the magnetic field. It’s important to realize how small these variations are. The authors measure variation in the field direction in “percent”, but the units are arch minutes (1/60 of a degree in compass heading) per minute of time [0]. Calling this a percentage is kind of an odd pun on two meanings of the word “minute”. According to the authors’ own interpretation, variation of 2 arch minutes of heading per minute of time is enough to destroy the claimed effect. In other words, they’re talking about a 0.03 degree change in direction in the amount of time it takes a dog to poop. Perhaps you believe dogs are sensitive to magnetic fields, but can you really believe that they are also sensitive to such tiny relative variations in magnetic fields? Much more sensitive than a handheld compass? I also agree with the general criticisms about p-hacking, but I think it’s worth having some sense of the actual size of the thing the authors are talking about, and how implausible it all is, apart from any details of the statistics. [0] See figure 4 in https://frontiersinzoology.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1742-9994-10-80 https://frontiersinzoology.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.11...
- jwmerrill 7y agoTo make it even more concrete: realize that the hour hand on a clock moves 6 degrees per minute (it takes 60 minutes to go all the way around, 360 degrees). This study claims that variations of the earth’s magnetic field direction that are more than 100 times slower than this have measurable effects on the behavior of dogs.
- smoyer 7y agoI think you meant the minute hand? The hour hand moves 0.5 degrees per minute. I also think your parent comment meant arc-minutes.
- jwmerrill 7y agoYes, you’re right about the minute hand. Oops. “arch minute” is a term used in the article, but “arc minute” also sounds more standard to me.
- 7y ago
- aaron695 7y agoI simply don't believe this study. And this stuff is important, how animals including us interact with the magnetic field is not a small thing. 6 years later it needs backing. Anyway if you too want to interact with Earth’s magnetic field in a stronger way you can augment like this - "For six weird weeks in the fall of 2004, Udo Wächter had an unerring sense of direction. Every morning after he got out of the shower, Wächter, a sysadmin at the University of Osnabrück in Germany, put on a wide beige belt lined with 13 vibrating pads" https://www.wired.com/2007/04/esp/ https://www.wired.com/2007/04/esp/ I'd like to hear an impartial experience on this, it seems interesting but like putting magnets in your fingers after all that effort people tend to exaggerate the experience. I think a Kickstarter was tried around it.
- paulgrimes1 7y agoMy partner after me speaking about this, with zero irony: “I think that study is a load of shit”
- silentwanderer 7y agoYou’re shitting me.
- totalZero 7y agoTwelve authors on a paper about dog poop. And people wonder why academia isn't taken seriously by normal people...
- lowdose 7y agoThis is an American study and a lot of cities in the USA have a street grid with the orientation North - South. It could be dogs orientate position on the wind axis.
- quotemstr 7y agoMy dog is obviously not a compass. This study is more about showcasing bad research methods than anything else. (Especially if it's unintentional.) I'm reminded of the famous dead salmon fMRI result: https://www.discovermagazine.com/mind/fmri-gets-slap-in-the-face-with-a-dead-fish https://www.discovermagazine.com/mind/fmri-gets-slap-in-the-...