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Ask HN: Is it appropriate to ask a startup to let me see their cap table?

• Ozzie_osman 4y ago
  Cap tables are generally pretty closely-guarded, and most startups would not let you see the full cap table. That said, things you could ask for could be: the number of fully-diluted shares (to calculate your ownership), whether they have any convertible notes and what the terms are, what their last valuation was (pre or post-money), how much runway they have at current burn, whether existing investors have any liquidity preference, etc. They may not answer all of those, but they should be able to give you enough to know where you stand.
  • sokoloff 4y ago
    Agreed. You could also ask who their major investors are, but the exact and fully-enumerated cap table is, bluntly, none of your business. (Knowing what fraction of the company your proposed grant is, of course.)
  • 908B64B197 4y ago
    You can always ask. Their level of secrecy should tell you how serious they are. If they are too opaque, my advice would be to switch to a mostly cash comp.
    • s1k3 4y ago
      The cap table can have sensitive information on it that might compromise employees and or investors or the founders themselves. I don’t think being secretive about the exact details of the cap table is indicative of anything. They should be able to tell you broadly how many shares there are and how valuable your equity grant is tho.
      • atdrummond 4y ago
        This is silly. You can literal export a high level view and change VC names to “VC #1” and employees to “Individual #1” and still easily relay the info that the employee needs. I don’t buy the privacy or security arguments.
        • mcculley 4y ago
          The degree of secrecy also tells you how much of an owner you would be.
          • surgical_fire 4y ago
            Honestly, it's easier to just avoid startups entirely. The vast majority of them fail anyway, and it's a long shot to ask me to trust them not to fuck me over with equity based compensation.
            • actionfromafar 4y ago
              100% Working in a startup can easily turn into a rough ride - for not much benefit. So you might just as well start a company of your own.
              • deleted 4y ago
                [deleted]
        • s1k3 4y ago
          The range in equity grants can still cause problems. The reality is exposing this information only works against you and limits your ability to negotiate with employees if you know it will be exposed to others. I disagree completely. That being said I believe company’s and founders should be as transparent as possible but sometimes that can come at a price and so it’s not ideal to be completely forthcoming.
        • sokoloff 4y ago
          It sounds like you agree with some degree of secrecy and privacy in sharing the details of the cap table with an outsider (the not-yet-employee).
    • timr 4y ago
      In fact, you should ask, especially if you think they'll say no. Don't be an ass, just ask the question professionally and politely, and be a little insistent about it (i.e. don't just roll over when they say no the first time. It's OK to ask again, and explain why it's important to you!) How an employer responds to a difficult question that they don't want to say "yes" to will tell you volumes about their skill and demeanor. And if they gladly answer this question, keep pushing until you find one they won't answer. If someone revokes your offer because you asked a question, you just dodged a HUGE bullet.
      • htag 4y ago
        > If someone revokes your offer because you asked a question, you just dodged a HUGE bullet. I was once in the compensation negotiation phase of an interview. I asked all the root comment questions about equity. They refused to answer any. I was insistent. Their tone changed. They pulled out of negotiation, citing "cultural fit" which I took to mean I was savvy enough to not be suckered.
  • Xcelerate 4y ago
    > the number of fully-diluted shares (to calculate your ownership) This is something I've always been confused about. Suppose there are 100M fully diluted shares and you as an employee are granted (and vest) 20,000 shares, so you have 0.02% of the total shares. And suppose the company has a private post-money valuation of $10B and then IPOs to a stable $10B market cap. So you would think (0.02%)×($10B) = $2M payout. But! This doesn't include the fact that during an IPO, the company creates additional shares, right? And none of these new shares are sold directly to the public; they are first sold to banks or other prioritized buyers, and only then is the public able to purchase shares from anyone who owns them. Would this not decrease the employee payout? Assume the company creates 100M new shares for the IPO at a price of $50 per share. Now the banks pay the company (100M)×($50) = $5B for those shares, and then they sell them the next day on the open market. The final share price for the day would now have to be $10B/200M = $50 to have a market cap that is equivalent to the private valuation of $10B. But that means the employee's payout is actually $1M, not $2M. Is my understanding of this correct, or am I missing something? It seems like you can't just take your percentage of private shares and multiply it by the private valuation to estimate your IPO payout.
    • paulddraper 4y ago
      The IPO is simply a funding round. Like any funding round, there is dilution. The value of your equity is premoney_percentage x premoney_valuation or postmoney_percentage x postmoney_valuation. As you say, don't make the mistake of premoney_percentage x postmoney_valuation.
    • andruby 4y ago
      > the company has a private post-money valuation of $10B and then IPOs to a stable $10B market cap. If that’s the case, and they issue 100M new shares on IPO, then the IPO is effectively a serious “down round” that halves the value of all shareholders pre-IPO. More realistically would be that the post-money valuation after IPO is $20B or more.
    • jpm_sd 4y ago
      Definitely not. There's also lock-up periods to consider. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/ipolockup.asp https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/ipolockup.asp Not to mention, you probably don't hold shares, you hold options, unless you were clever/daring/solvent enough to exercise early. Substantial dollar amounts involved, and big tax implications. So really it's a question of what the share price is when you're eventually allowed to sell shares, minus the cost of options exercise.
  • voisin 4y ago
    > Cap tables are generally pretty closely-guarded Why is this?
    • sulam 4y ago
      Because it’s like salary transparency for investors. Not popular.
• mannyv 4y ago
  You could ask, and they'll say "yes" or "no." If you have a question I'd just ask it straight out. I mean, you're at an early stage startup. It's a ton of risk for you, so you should know what you're getting. But remember, 2% of $0 is still $0.
  • bombcar 4y ago
    And even if you get the 2%, you should consider it as $0 when evaluating your options. Almost all startup equity ends up worthless; but the connections you may make could be quite valuable.
    • NotYourLawyer 4y ago
      The real equity was the friends we made along the way.
    • akavi 4y ago
      Y'know, a lot of people say they value it at 0 $, but are oddly hesitant to take me up on my offer to buy it off them for a hundred bucks...
      • maratc 4y ago
        If we're valuing a thing that will turn out to be $0 with 99% certainty, or $1M with 1% certainty, then "a hundred bucks" is not a good proposal. 1% of $1M and there might be something to talk about.
        • akavi 4y ago
          If they perceive that 1% chance of 1 M$ as having nonzero value, then they're not "valu[ing] it at 0 $"
          • maratc 4y ago
            Maybe these people just don't know how to properly calculate the expected value?..
• deleted 4y ago
  [deleted]
• bradstewart 4y ago
  Just ask them what % of the company you'd be getting, directly. They should answer that. That's a question I've always used personally, and I've refused offers from companies that wouldn't answer it.
  • philsnow 4y ago
    Knowing the % of the company your grant represents allows you to deduce the current valuation of the company, which is considered by many companies to be secret.
    • eschneider 4y ago
      It also lets you put a value on the equity portion of an offer. W/o info to price that, you might as well value it at zero. That said, I don't think I've ever interviewed with a startup that gave me an offer with equity that wouldn't share # shares outstanding, amounts invested, and liquidity preferences. If a company won't share that at the offer stage, I'd have concerns.
      • robocat 4y ago
        > you might as well value it at zero That is the usual advice. The median return for common shares is $0 (most startups fail). Founders can screw up their own ownership https://grayscale.vc/blog/how-that-safe-note-is-screwing-you-up/ https://grayscale.vc/blog/how-that-safe-note-is-screwing-you... and there is no way most people can understand the cap table value without a lawyers help. Also you have no influence over future rounds, so a good equity deal now could easily be worthless in the future (or even worse, negative returns due to taxation on paper gains that subsequently disappear). Concentrate on your other benefits, whether you think the founders and investors have integrity, and whether you think the market opportunity might be a winner.
        • eschneider 4y ago
          No big disagreements here. The numbers are mostly useful in determining if the equity offer is "fair" or at least matches how the company has described it. That goes to their integrity.
• ketzo 4y ago
  I have never gotten a startup offer that did not make clear what percentage of equity I was getting. If I saw "40,000 shares" with no idea what the denominator was, I would definitely ask clarifying questions.
• supernova87a 4y ago
  Why? Would it even make a difference if you could see it? Isn't it pretty much up to the founder and board whether you get diluted (and how much) in the future, and whether any number you see there continues to be accurate (for your own purposes, or others in the table) or not? And unless you're one of the top people at the company, your net worth is going to ride largely on how much of a success the company becomes, not your particular % / exact small share of it. The VCs and next funders care about the exact numbers. What would you do, use it to negotiate more? I suppose you could take it as some indication, but it's by no means some kind of binding assurance of the future. This is a thing I have a fundamental gripe about SV startup practices -- there are a lot of things associated with being employed at one that have the appearance of legal obligations and securities regulations to the novice eye, but under the surface they are not at all, and you are largely at them whim of whoever owns the company. The value of your options could evaporate in practice, even though you hold "100,000" of them (either through decline in company's future, or active dilution, or the CEO just doesn't like you). Or am I exaggerating what I feel after a decade in the area? There are a lot of questions that people ask, where I feel, is it even meaningful information you would act on or are you trying to feel better about something? (see all the useless 20-year-old-something comments/questions in threads after some company CEO announces the possibility of layoffs... "Can you share the exact formula by which people will be laid off?" "Why are you doing this in successive rounds and not all at once?" etc. etc. What would you do even if you knew the answer?? )
  • jpm_sd 4y ago
    Yep, this is 100% accurate. Unless you hold a founding partner sized stake, you have no influence over the cap table and it's going to change drastically with each round of investment anyway. Startup options are about as valuable as lottery tickets - worthless, unless by some lucky chance they're not worthless.
  • arcticbull 4y ago
    The cap table tells you who else thinks the company is worth something at that stage. It can be a great indication not of like future dilution, but of who else is on board. If you take the lotto ticket perspective, you should do everything you can to maximize your odds and part of that is doing as much diligence as you can on the company. If I were joining as a first/early engineer, or at a senior level - particularly early stage - I'd want to see the cap table.
• dehrmann 4y ago
  If they're offering equity as part of your compensation, absolutely. How else are you supposed to gauge their value? ...not that you'll really know how to. And the company probably doesn't, either. Their TAM is probably way off, and most of their projections will just be guesses.
• w10-1 4y ago
  "Appropriate" depends on the kind of relationship you want to have. For cap tables, remember than a board can issue as many shares as it wants to whomever it wants, diluting anyone at any time. So even if you could see the cap table, it offers no guarantees. Maybe what you're looking for is whether their incentives are aligned around developing and keeping talent. For that you can look to the history of the principals: whether they are in for the long haul, if they stick together, and if they are happy to grow offshoots.
• bfung 4y ago
  Similar to other comments, you can always ask. Maybe the line items of the cap table have sensitive info, so if you ask cap table directly, they’ll say no. But asking summary level questions about the cap table relevant to you may give you the info you’re looking for. For example, you probably don’t care if VC#1 has X shares and VC#2 has Y shares… you only care: * how many shares there are * what percentage have Preference (founders, VCs, investors) * employee pool / your offer
• icedchai 4y ago
  I worked at an early stage startup as the second employee and had full cap table access. It wasn't very enlightening, and ultimately meaningless when the company was forced to take a down round, diluting all common shareholders to single digit %'s.
• e10jc 4y ago
  I’ve been both a cofounder and early stage employee. I think it’s definitely appropriate to ask, but also fine for the company to deny. The cap table can contain some red flags: founders with A class shares and no vesting schedule, for example.
  • samvher 4y ago
    Just to check if I follow - is this a red flag because these founders are then not properly incentivized, because their ownership is a sure thing? (Although I guess you could then still argue that the incentive is growing the value of their share.)
    • e10jc 4y ago
      It’s a red flag because they could sell their shares and exit way too early. In my experience, said founders basically cashed out at the A round, while everyone else was left to try and grow the company with little to no leadership.
• kwindla 4y ago
  Just one data point: I'm a startup founder and have no issues showing potential employees (almost) all the investors on our cap table and who led or was a major investor in each round. In general, the only thing that's sensitive is exact ownership percentage of each investor. We do have one small angel investor from our first funding round that asked us not to publicly name them as an investor, so we just don't include them when we share the cap table. That's a rare situation, though, in my experience. This investor is relatively high profile in their non-angel-investing life and they don't want to publicize angel investments. And the number of fully diluted shares, the ownership percentage that the prospective employee's grant equates to, the strike price of the options, and the price that investors paid (and valuation) of the last round should absolutely be shared with you.
• rce 4y ago
  I would say if you want to know what % of the company you'd own, you should just ask that. The cap table generally has details like how much every other employee owns and a company is unlikely to tell you how much everyone who works there is compensated.
• Mizoguchi 4y ago
  If a substantial portion of your compensation is coming from equity should be able to ask for any information you think you need to accept the offer. I find the language in these agreements pretty difficult to understand if you don't have experience with startups and valuations, so knowing what % you are getting is meaninglessness if you don't have and understand the terms (many startups don't disclose that information until you sign the offer). Early stage startups are always risky, much more so in the current economic environment, so in my opinion when joining a startup pre Series C take as much cash as you can.
• ttul 4y ago
  If your goal is to know the risk-adjusted value of an equity grant, you need more than just the cap table. You need the bylaws and articles of the corporation, all the shareholder agreements, and all the loan agreements the company might be a party to. Without knowing what special rights are attached to different equity and debt holders, you have no idea how the rights ascribed to your equity will rank against them in the event of a liquidation or exit.
• thruflo 4y ago
  It’s totally valid and acceptable. If equity is part of your comp, you’re investing your time in exchange for equity in the company. The first document any investor would ask for is the cap table. Beyond the % it also helps you evaluate whether the shares are worth anything. Lots of companies have badly structured cap tables. This impacts investability, which impacts your likely return.
• timr 4y ago
  As long as it's legal and not weird/personal/insulting and you're polite, you should never be scared of asking a question! In fact, you should find a question they don't want to answer "yes" to, and you should push on it. It will tell you volumes about who they are, how much they respect you, and their skill as professionals, negotiators, and more. I've lost offers in the past for being insistent about things. That's fine. I dodged a bullet and saved years of my life. Directly responsive to your question: you want to know the shares outstanding, the liquidation preferences (if any) of prior investors, if there are any weird share structures (e.g. series FU preferred, which converts 10,000:1 to common and is held exclusively by the CEO's dog), if there's a single- or double-trigger clause for employees, the terms of the stock agreement...there are lots of things you might ask about.
• deleted 4y ago
  [deleted]
• brk 4y ago
  Unless you offer is for a CFO role, yes, you would probably seem unreasonable to ask to see the cap table. While this is definitely anecdata, my personal experiences with potential hires asking to see the cap table, or overly dig into some of the corporate stock allocations and financials in the very early stages are always indicative of employees that turn out to be regrettable hires. For an early stage company, the future of the company, and your personal share of it, are 1000 times more impacted by everything that is yet to happen, not the cap table at this stage. Ask about share class, percentage of your grant, salaries, cash on hand, burn, fundraising plans, etc. But understand that almost every answer you receive at this point is likely to be out of date in a few months anyway.
• dsr_ 4y ago
  Let's suppose that you are not a founder of this company, and that there will be at least one more funding round before they get to think about any shares being worth anything. Here's what you should expect: A 1% chance that equity in the company is worth anything, ever. A 100% chance that whatever percentage you are promised after vesting will be diluted by an unknown multiplier. Together, this means that you should consider the cash equivalent of the promised shares as something between one dollar and ten bucks. Don't let it convince you to reject a cash offer elsewhere, or a cash + actual stock plan in an established company. What you should ask for is a percentage equivalent to other people of about your capabilities working for the company, and a promise to continue to make you at least equal to similar folks hired in the future. Remember that business promises are made in writing and signed by a responsible officer of the company. Actual numbers right now are likely irrelevant.
• jerkstate 4y ago
  I've worked for several early stage startups in my career and not a single one has paid off. In fact, I've lost money (a few thousand $$) purchasing ISOs at each company. If you want to work at an early-stage start-up, do it because you want to learn fast, want a lot of responsibility, and you love the industry, not because of the chance of getting rich - because if that's the only reason you're doing it, you might as well buy lotto tickets. Value your ISOs at zero, make sure your cash comp is reasonable, and ask for the same amount of ISOs are the previous person hired at your level.
• paxys 4y ago
  If all you want to know is what % of the company you are getting, why not ask them just that? The cap table has a lot more information about the internals of fundraising and ownership that the founders may not be willing to share with every employee. Number of shares outstanding and current 409a valuation are both semi public info, and you should absolutely be getting access to them as part of your offer.
• soamv 4y ago
  > help me determine what % of the company I'd be getting in this stage? Just ask them what % of the company you'd be getting at this stage. They should absolutely tell you that; that's the high order bit of equity compensation negotiations. If they don't tell you up front they're wasting your time. Early-stage startups need mutually trusting relationships in the team. If they don't trust you enough to tell you, or you don't trust them enough to believe their answer, equity comp numbers are not the issue here.
• akomtu 4y ago
  Look up an old post here on HN that talks about cap tables. Someone (VC?) did a great breakdown of typical startup financials. If I were you, I'd an innocent question: "how much of the work do you want me to do?" Then lean back and watch how they are trying to square what they're offering with what they expect you to do. The problem is all the employees get allocated a 10% pool of shares, yet they are expected to do all the work.
• ultra_nick 4y ago
  What do y'all think of this equity valuation method for early startups? Startups have a 95% failure rate and an average exit of $243M. Therefore, equity could be considered a lottery ticket with an expected value = Equity% * (1-0.95) * $243M. That'd value 1% at around $122k.
  • roflyear 4y ago
    Average exit seems high?
• dopeboy 4y ago
  As a founder of a seed stage company, this is a completely reasonable request for someone who's late into the hiring process. I might screen share instead of hand it over to you out of sensitivity to investors. Also, what percentage of the company you're getting and the valuation can be answered without seeing the cap table.
  • dmitrygr 4y ago
    > what percentage of the company you're getting IFF you have only one class of shares and no liquidation preferences. Else the number is meaningless, because you might own 2%, but due to the above things, even on a big exit make nothing.
    • dopeboy 4y ago
      Good point, true.
  • solumos 4y ago
    This is a very west-coast view. I've had east-coast founders/execs laugh in my face and tell me that no decent founder would ever disclose the latest 409a or any cap table information to a candidate.
• dmitrygr 4y ago
  > Is it appropriate to ask a startup to let me see their cap table? Yes, and do not let anyone tell you otherwise. If you accept monopoly money, you have every right to know how many notes were printed and how many more were promised to others. Will they show it to you? Usually, no. Because that kind of exposes the entire sham. But you can try.
• jpgvm 4y ago
  The full cap table probably not. But you generally don't need that to ascertain the most important parts of startup compensation. I generally ask these questions: 1. What was the pre/post money valuation of the company at the last round. 2. How much runway do they have right now including already planned increases in burn (i.e hiring plans for the quarter/year). 3. What % interest in the company would my options grant represent? (you use this in combination with the information about the valuation to determine value of said grant) 4. Who are the major non-founder investors in the company? (this is generally public knowledge because investors love to announce these but it's worth asking). Sometimes the CEO will also divulge details about how they work with their investors, level of involvement, board seats etc. CEOs love to talk about these things for some reason. 5. When do they plan to raise money next and do they feel like they are meeting the metrics required for an up round? If not then how does my hiring or other planned hiring seek to address that? The last question is actually really important and generally how I a) tie my employment to actual value at the company and b) justify my compensation in negotiation stage and/or later negotiations when I can show how my performance has directly affected these important metrics. Any company worth their salt at the sort of stage where these questions are relevant will answer these, the degree of detail will depend on transparency of the leadership. Generally speaking when looking to join a company of this size you will be meeting with the CEO, usually after meeting everyone else and before negotiating compensation - that is when you ask these questions and this is exactly what that meeting is for. If they don't want to answer these then take that as a sign things are worse than they seem and perhaps negotiate for a more cash rich compensation and don't bet hard on the companies future.
  • babyshake 4y ago
    Ask about the preference stack (https://www.holloway.com/g/venture-capital/sections/liquidation-preference https://www.holloway.com/g/venture-capital/sections/liquidat...).
    • jpgvm 4y ago
      It's interesting sure but generally speaking if that comes into play you are already getting nothing. Use the time and patience of the CEO wisely IMO, ask the most important questions and focus on the risk/reward of the optimistic case. The downside case you are always getting nothing even if the preferences would imply something investors make sure you get screwed first.
• jaynate 4y ago
  The chances that you are going to get rich off a VC-funded startup as an individual contributor are very low. I’d focus on whether the opportunity is a good one to grow your career. Do they have solid leadership. Do you like the market and does the product serve a legitimate need (need to have vs. nice to have).
• Animats 4y ago
  If you're getting equity, yes. Otherwise you can't price it.
• tptacek 4y ago
  You can ask. You should. It's not unreasonable to ask. But because by convention it's not unreasonable for the employer to decline, you don't learn anything interesting when they say "no". Be mindful when you read all the comments here suggesting that startups that won't share cap tables are somehow shady; they're communicating an aspirational view of how startups work, and not reality.
• balls187 4y ago
  > Are there other questions that I can ask that can help me determine what % of the company I'd be getting in this stage? Ask directly. Or, if it's truly early stage, you could ask for what % you want instead.
• brailsafe 4y ago
  In this ridiculous job market, what leads you to believe you'll get an offer?
  • brailsafe 4y ago
    In retrospect this seemed a bit flippant, but I meant to genuinely ask what signal could you possibly have that would indicate an offer coming? My impression atm is that there aren't any, unless the particular field is so niche that you're not competing with anyone.
• jkingsbery 4y ago
  Having worked at a couple startups where my stock options didn't end up meaning much: the percentage of the company is kind of a funny thing. What I would ask them about more specifically is their plans for the employee stock pool. Stock options are (mostly) not liquid until there's been at least a couple rounds of funding, and each round of funding brings dilution to the existing shares. Another bit of advice I wish I received before negotiating with start-ups: stock options are worth what they're worth now, not what they might be worth later. If you get 10,000 shares at a fair-market value of $0.01 that vests over 4 years, that compensation is worth $25 per year. (10,000 * 0.01 / 4). They will try to sell you on the shares sometimes being worth a lot more. I hope the shares are a lot more some day! But their expected value is their fair market value. > what % of the company I'd be getting A large percent of nothing is still nothing. Besides your own stock, ask questions to understand the financial maturity of the company. If it's a consumer product, how many customers have they signed up? If it's an enterprise product, have they signed any deals? If they haven't (which happens, signing enterprise deals can take 12-18 months) understand where the deals they are working on are in the pipeline. If they have 12 months of run-way but most of their deals are in the 18 month out horizon, understand that you are taking a lot of risk in joining that company. Also ask about potential customers that are not doing business with the company yet: why not? What are the blockers? Don't be satisfied with answers like "our founders know this space, they've been here before." No start-up that has funding has an unimpressive founding team. There's no shortage of Ivy League/Stanford grads with years of experience at <whatever company impresses you these days>. Even with those pedigrees, 70% of those companies aren't going to be successful.
• frenchman_in_ny 4y ago
  Related questions -- would it be appropriate to ask for their most recent 409A valuation? And what are your options as it relates to the vested options that you have, if & when you leave the company?
• roflyear 4y ago
  It's valued at $0. It's a nice gesture but nothing more.
• rsrsrs86 4y ago
  Investors in venture capital generally will protect themselves on the downside with things like liquidation preferences. Lookup the term and you’ll see why. In practice it will mean that there company must first pay investors at cost and only then split the rest on a per share basis. On the upside scenario, your payout will converge to the number of shares. Asking to see the cap table is not unreasonable but you will be asking for much more information than necessary for your purposes. You might just ask how much you should get under different scenarios, but sincere founders will not have an answer because they can’t know for sure and they would be irresponsible to set expectations that they might not fulfill.
• graderjs 4y ago
  I'm not an expert, and I don't want to rain on your paradise, but it probably won't matter. Unless you're a very early employee at a start up that would become very large, you're probably not gonna get rich from the equity. You trying to pick such a start up to become part of is a harder problem than VCs trying to pick one to invest in because everybody wants money but not everybody wants an employee. So rather than working your little butt off for the next 2 to 5 years with the hope of making these guys rich so that you get some trickle down riches, get your nice payday upfront and if you want to get rich from start ups start one yourself. The core points of working at a startup are: freedom, people you meet, the resume creds, the experience. That's what you really get.
• javascrap 4y ago
  Holy shit I hope most of you aren’t accepting equity as comp. The level of understanding in this thread is asymptotically zero. At the very least read the internet. You can start here if you like: https://www.ycombinator.com/library/Ep-all-about-startup-equity https://www.ycombinator.com/library/Ep-all-about-startup-equ...
• victorsup 4y ago
  with NDA, I think it's fine
• maCDzP 4y ago
  I am guessing golly_ned is based in the US. I am based in the EU and I have a question for US residents. I am studying corporate finance and valuation. Recently we had an analysis assignment of a private company. In the EU a lot of financial info is still available even if the company isn’t listed on any stock exchange. Would it be possible to answer golly_ned:s questions with public financial statements?