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I analyzed more than 7M developer jobs
- kebsup 4y agoNot sure about this one. My favourite job board for Czechia shows (Kotlin)/(Js Fe + Js be) ~ 10 %. I'd expect these ratios to be similar worldwide.
- andsoitis 4y agoPlease render JavaScript and TypeScript correctly; it isn't Javascript or Typescript.
- logan__dev 4y agoThanks for the feedback, I would definetly do it
- mkl 4y agoAlso "irruption" should be "eruption". Edit: No, I'm wrong, it's just an uncommon word!
- kingofclams 4y agoIt turns out irruption is a word! https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/irruption https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/irruption
- Jerrrry 4y agohow inane
- andsoitis 4y agoI just wanted to apologize to you for not taking the time to assess your work. As others pointed out in this thread, that was jerkish behavior.
- hdjjhhvvhga 4y agoIt's stylized as such - you are not forced to type Yahoo! every time you mention the company just because they want you to. Same with GNOME and Gnome, etc.
- mmastrac 4y agoThat reminds me of the scene from Halt and Catch Fire: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=epj8OzP6z-M&t=145s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=epj8OzP6z-M&t=145s
- ziddoap 4y agoPeak HN comment. Just yesterday someone made a comment about how someone could spend years laboring away on some super cool piece of tech and someone on HN will ignore it all just to point out how the kerning is wonky. Your comment is exactly what they were referring to. No comment on the project, the data, the conclusion. No related tangent, personal anecdote, or anything else that would generate conversation. Instead, hyper focus on finding some minor flaw that has absolutely 0 impact on the substance or delivery of the project and be sure to call it out in a condescending way. Should Javascript be written as JavaScript? Sure. Does it materially change anything at all about what is being presented? Absolutely not.
- upupandup 4y agoHN is known for its pendants.
- philangist 4y ago^that.. that’s bait
- andsoitis 4y agoThanks for your perspective. FWIW, my comment was made in good faith to help the author create a better impression with folks who are steeped in those two technologies. At the same time, I can see how it can feel pedantic.
- walls 4y agoPeak self-absorption.
- Veen 4y agoPlease learn how to use commas correctly. They aren't for joining independent clauses without a conjunction.
- newaccount2021 4y agoand yet, high demand doesn't equate to high comp, most of these languages are race-to-the-bottom markets with low barriers to entry c++ is probably the exception here predict even the Go market will eventually resemble the js market...a massive pool of low-quality positions with mediocre comp
- BFLpL0QNek 4y ago15 years ago doing JavaScript or Python you’d be classed as a low tier web developer on the bottom of the pay scale. Searching the job market the past year everything is JavaScript or Python because of the low barrier of entry. With the demand to hire high numbers of people and lack of people, these roles are now at the top of the pay scale. Maybe it’s AU specific but if I was to take some specialised role requiring deep knowledge and experience, not using JavaScript or Python, I’d be on at least 20% less than a role essentially knocking out a ReactJS frontend or NodeJS crud services. It’s dilemma I had the last year. Recruiters phoning with somewhat highly specialised roles that interests me, talent pool is extremely small for the roles, only to be told that the pay is at minimum 20% less than what’s available for nondiscript JavaScript/Python roles. Unfortunately for me I need to enjoy work or suffer mentally, and while I have used JavaScript, Python, insert name of frontend/backend framework in either language, extensively, it feels like torture having used better and knowing I can do better.
- l5870uoo9y 4y agoHeadline seems unrelated to content?
- mkl 4y agoHow so? The HN title, "I scraped 7M dev jobs for 8 months and these are the most demanded languages", is different from the article title, "Top 8 Most Demanded Programming Languages in 2022", but they're quite similar and both describe the article content.
- arkitaip 4y agoThis is great if only to pop the HN bubble where everyone seems to be coding in Rust or Go.
- timbit42 4y agoThis is only showing demand. It doesn't include how many people are already employed using these languages. Perhaps these languages are popular and self-taught among already employed programmers so demand is reduced.
- ricardonunez 4y agoAre you able to extract what framework is the most requested?
- timbit42 4y agoThis blog has two more articles. One is about the most popular frameworks.
- ricardonunez 4y agoThanks
- soneca 4y agoI am suspicious of that mirrored graph between Java and JavaScript. I see no real world reason for they behave in such symmetrical and substituting way month over month. Are you sure there is not a parsing error when analyzing those two languages?
- sdfhdhjdw3 4y agoI thought the same! :-)
- yuchi 4y agoSince those are percentages it could simply mean that a great amount of Java positions opened up in that period, stealing percent points from other categories. This explains the symmetry, but not the causes. May it be a huge amount of positions have been incorrectly labeled for Java instead of JavaScript (you know… Ham / Hamster) and then corrected a month later?
- WillPostForFood 4y agoOr the absolute number of Java listings is pretty much constant (permanent, big corps that just leave listings online all the time), and as smaller web companies add JS listings, and remove JS listings, that fluctuation makes the Java percentage move in inversion to the more volatile JS listings.
- jstummbillig 4y agoI read this as javascript possibly being the language of recent growth: It's relatively young, very much en vogue, and so new startups are likely to use it disproportionally (because the guys who have been around for a while will not just switch their millions of lines of code to js because it's now become a thing). But startups are also more likely to falter quickly in a recession than the old guard. And that's where java (or c#) is overrepresented.
- donkeybeer 4y agoMany job ads seem to do things like confuse C and C++ (and then you read the ad further and find its a C# project), or just slap a long list of technologies, I won't be surprised if these ads confuse Java and JavaScript too and list them together.
- Trasmatta 4y agoRuby remains in relatively high demand, despite a decade of once a month blog posts claiming "Ruby is dead"
- SkyPuncher 4y agoI know Ruby is going out of fashion, but Rails remains an incredibly productive platform that can scale a good bit.
- Trasmatta 4y agoEverytime I try out a new framework, I end up just switching back to Rails because "wow, I could do this all so much quicker in Rails...". Part of that is just a decade of familiarity, and part of that is the maturity of the framework.
- SkyPuncher 4y agoThe only thing that I've found to be more productive are the integrated GraphQL platforms (Hasura, Postgraphile, etc). However, these seem like they struggle to scale with team size.
- moreira 4y agoThe key thing to remember in any "x is dead" meme is that all it means is "this isn't the new and shiny anymore". Ruby is as good as it ever was, it's just not shiny anymore. And god, I remember the shiny. I remember when Ruby on Rails came in the scene, and the whole fuss about Basecamp and how influential 37Signals seemed to be back then. Time flies.
- xaitv 4y agoBased on what I see around me Ruby is used by a couple of big companies, while something like PHP(another language that people generally consider as "dying", probably way more so than Ruby is) is used by a lot small companies. Would be interesting to see OP's data, but instead of amount of jobs it's amount of unique companies that offer these jobs to see if I'm correct in that assumption.
- ravenstine 4y agoWhere's Elixir?
- rockyj 4y agoNo mention of Elixir at all, which was one of the "most loved" language in SO survey. Not sure what to make of it.
- jmkni 4y agoIn my experience, the majority of developers don't even log into StackOverflow, they purely use it as a read-only resource. I'd say even less actually fill in the survey!
- runako 4y agoMy experience at a few places: devs try it out for hobby projects. Maybe get a POC in Elixir done at work. Ultimately the business continues to build on the existing stack. Hence, few job postings for Elixir.
- jeffbee 4y agoWasn’t Rust the #1 on that poll? Yet the amount of code in Rust is practically none, and there are vanishingly few qualified/experienced Rust programmers. There’s a massive gulf between what language has the share of memes and which are used to write real code in industry.
- qayxc 4y agoIt's all about observation bias. The SO survey wasn't representative in any conceivable way. Only active users (as already pointed out, the vast majority are passive users) who are passionate about their programming language of choice were sampled. Most professional programmers aren't passionate about the language they use - it's a tool or a management decision, nothing to get emotional about. The more "esoteric" or "exotic" the programming language, the more passionate its user base. Mainstream is defined by mediocracy and the average developer simply doesn't care.
- dgb23 4y agoSome of the most loved languages like Elixir, Clojure and Rust are fairly modern and powerful and fun to use. But they are also scary. Elixir and Clojure are functional languages, Elixir runs on a niche runtime, Clojure is a Lisp and looks foreign to people who are used to more common syntax, Rust has functional concepts baked in and is known to be hard to learn initially. Unfamiliar + hard to learn = scary. Which leads to less overall popularity when it comes to actual jobs.
- sacrosanct 4y agoI was lucky early on in my career that I started with JS. Used to write code strictly for IE6 then moved to ‘cross browser’ compatibility code. These days we’ve come so far and you can reliably write JS that works everywhere, so no need to cater for niche browsers and target a specific browser. I dabbled in PHP but stopped using it since it’s hard to write secure code with PHP (although you can audit it). Settled with Perl and Python for small hacks that automate mundane tasks, but am far from creating anything elaborate with them. My Python scripts are rather small. One thing well and all that.
- ihateolives 4y ago> I dabbled in PHP but stopped using it since it’s hard to write secure code with PHP [Citation needed]
- timbit42 4y agoYet I often come across websites that only work in Chrome. I think the "no need to cater for niche browsers and target a specific browser" isn't as true as web programmers would like to believe.
- mmastrac 4y agoIt's difficult to find someone actively hiring for Rust jobs these days. I'd love to use it day-to-day but it's still pretty limited in industry.
- 0des 4y agoMost of the easy to find rust jobs will come from the token space these days.
- mmastrac 4y agoThat's exactly what I'm seeing, but I don't really have any interest working in tokens or blockchain.
- Grimburger 4y agoIs that not at odds with your original comment though. "rust jobs" vs "rust jobs I personally want to do" doesn't really back up the statement that there are no rust jobs available.
- mmastrac 4y agoThere's a handful of token jobs but even if I were interested in that, the pickings are slim. It's definitely not "no jobs" but there's a wide spectrum.
- Grimburger 4y agoFrom my experience a lot of rust development is done in places where rust isn't really what they hire for. It's existing devs who start writing some greenfields projects
- riskable 4y agoThere's also demand for Rust in the world of "embedded devices that must not fail" i.e. medical stuff.
- mellosouls 4y agoIt would be useful to see the methodology used. Eg. Go (say) is often a secondary skill listed with the real target, like Java. This means it's not as in demand as might appear on the surface let alone considerations of whether it is actually required by the recruiter or is just being used as bait.
- Thaxll 4y ago"DevJobsScanner has only picked the job offers that explicitly required a programming language. Job offers with fuzzy language requirements were discarded." It's pure Go job.
- mellosouls 4y agoAh thanks, I scanned the page and blog but missed that. Good to hear.
- tedmiston 4y agoYeah, that line is pretty ambiguous. I've never worked or even heard of a software engineering position requiring literally just one language. That makes me wonder how the author handled positions that list multiple languages, or a primarily language along with nice-to-have languages. Potentially discarding all of those results sounds like throwing away most postings.
- ridiculous_leke 4y agoThat's concerning. I am a Javascript/Typescript backend dev trying to get a full-time Golang based role. I wonder if should look for a Javascript role which has some Golang on the side.
- hazyc 4y agoCloud engineering roles are almost all Go based these days.
- nfriedly 4y agoNot saying you're wrong, but it's not the case where I work. Essentially 100% of our backend is written in Go. We only use Java for Android.
- dhzhzjsbevs 4y agoAnecdotally I've been watching C# gain a lot of ground as a backend for nextjs frontends.
- selfmodruntime 4y agoThe whole idea of next.js is that it‘s the solution for backends and frontends. Using it for your frontend only makes absolutely no sense at all. Or is there something I‘m not seeing here?
- dhzhzjsbevs 4y agoYou can use it as a standalone backend or you can just use it as a router / renderer "web backend" but then still have an API off somewhere else. That API could be a monolith, a bunch of microservices, power multiple front ends, be a legacy system etc etc. When I said backend above I meant company backend / API / services.
- akarlsten 4y agoIgnoring the API routes in Next.js is perfectly valid, the build system and built-in routing and utilities make it a better frontend-only framework than anything else in the space by far (CRA, etc.) Using it with a separate backend/API is also sometimes necessary, difficult to use serverless functions if you want a WebSocket server or similiar.
- upupandup 4y agoit used to be that Ruby was more popular but seems like Python ultimately eclipsed it. One thing that really hurt Ruby was there was just way too many ways to accomplish the same thing and there were lot of opinions and ego around which was better where as Python has established standards like PEP8 that champions readability above all
- fny 4y agoThere are definitely as many ways to do things in Python if not more... I've worked extensively in both languages. Frankly, the Python ecosystem is a lot more complex to navigate (dependency management is a nightmare) and much less friendly. I think the biggest difference is (1) Python more institutional backing (2) Python is taught in academic settings (3) Python has more robust scientific computing (4) Node stole Ruby's thunder in the web application space (5) Python works out of the box on Windows.
- Trasmatta 4y ago> dependency management is a nightmare I don't know if it's better these days, but dependency management was one of the reasons I stuck with Ruby over Python back in the early 2010's. I never had issues with it in Ruby, but was constantly battling with dependency management in Python.
- jjgreen 4y ago> I don't know if it's better these days It's not
- SoleilAbsolu 4y agoI think #5 is huge, until Windows Subsystem for Linux came out there was no easy way to compile all needed gems on Windows. Most Ruby/Rails tutorials assumed you were running *nix and DHH's dismissive attitude to Windows didn't help. Git Bash for Windows bridged some of the gap and probably Cygwin did the rest, but batteries were not included for Ruby on the most popular OS.
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- jonnycat 4y agoI've seen so many posts like this talking about programming language demand as a number of positions available - but I don't think I've ever seen one talking about programming language supply. JavaScript is certainly in high demand, but the market is also brimming with JavaScript developers. Some other languages on the other hand, are far less common, but because they occupy a specific niche, might actually be more "in demand" (ie, less competition for an applicant, higher salary).
- jstummbillig 4y agoThe positions available are not the demand. They are the demand minus supply.
- thrwawy283 4y agoThat's an important distinction, but I think it's getting more common to post for positions you have filled so there are resumes available if someone takes flight. Resumes don't mean someone is available either.
- jstummbillig 4y agoSure. Would you agree that this is something a JS-centric company is more likely to do (than a java one) because JS engineers are on average younger, and their life is more volatile, and also because the company itself is younger and more volatile?
- gryn 4y agonot even that it's common for multiple contracting companies to post a job filling for the same target job which a prospective client have.
- mywittyname 4y agoProbably because it's difficult to determine the supply of developers for a language. Job boards tend to be companies posting jobs, not candidates posting (public) resumes. Even if you had resume data, having a language listed as a proficiency doesn't mean that person is in the supply of developers for that language. Likewise, sometimes people get jobs for languages they don't know. I hadn't used golang before my current job, so I wouldn't have been in the "supply" of go developers despite being hired to use it.
- optimiz3 4y agoWish there was some sort of compensation-weighed index of demanded languages. My guess would be Python and C++ being higher up due to AI and deep systems work.
- jeffbee 4y agoI bet there’s a lot of weird effects in compensation. Probably dead languages with large, critical code bases pay a fortune, then there’s odd situations like ocaml that’s only used by one very successful organization.
- dagw 4y agoFrom what I've seen (I work in the field), surface level AI/ML skills don't really command a salary premium these days. So many people hopped on that train that the market is saturated.
- tedmiston 4y ago> Wish there was some sort of compensation-weighed index of demanded languages. The Stack Overflow survey results have this. You can see top paying technologies by language, framework, etc. https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2022/#top-paying-technologies-programming-scripting-and-markup-languages https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2022/#top-paying-technologie...
- 5350-uiop-1130 4y agoso if you know python/js you should be open to 50% of jobs. but that's without considering all the frameworks and libraries that job ads like to pile on to fill out that word count.
- ryanwaggoner 4y agoReally cool to see, I’ve been exploring some scraping options in 2022 for something similar to this but in another niche. Would love to hear any broad details about what you’re using for scraping and data extraction.
- Rochus 4y agoInteresting evaluation, thanks. Are these only US jobs, or worldwide? It's surprising that there is so much need for Ruby (even more than Golang) and Lua, and that there is five times less need for Dart than for Lua developers.
- AyyWS 4y agoIf you're in the UK, you can use my favorite site to gauge interest. I use it as an American who's never worked abroad. https://www.itjobswatch.co.uk/ https://www.itjobswatch.co.uk/
- Rochus 4y agoThanks for the link; the high-ranked order is quite similar to the posted one.
- Rochus 4y agoSeems to be worldwide.
- dzonga 4y agosome of this is as a result of a self feeding endless loop i.e in regards to JS. using JS or more apt us JS dev requires / create complexity, which in turn creates more demand for JS devs. But on a more first principles Basis - I have asked this question before [0]: Do we need web browsers ? [0]: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=31855976 https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=31855976
- randomtwiddler 4y agoThe web browser is the least closed most open distribution for software services ever. Anyone anywhere can publish and billions can access it without numerous gate keepers in the way. It isn't the only solution out there. You can publish to the various app stores and abide by all their rules and regulations and upkeep requirements. You can be confined to Linux desktop. You can still get to the desktop via your own distribution. You can also side load Android and avoid the store. Browser apps are, by far, the easiest.
- Taikonerd 4y agoI don't get Kotlin's position in rankings like this one. I've heard people say, "oh, for new Android apps, you definitely want to use Kotlin." And (I asssume?) people are writing lots of new Android apps. But this methodology has Kotlin at 0.35% of jobs! And for that matter, Swift is not much more, at 0.38%. Why are these flagship languages for large ecosystems (Android/iOS) not more in-demand?
- jstummbillig 4y agoThe web is killing it? Finally? Hopefully? Copium.
- dagw 4y agoI'm guessing most of those ads just ask for Android/iOS experience rather than specifying the language.
- TrueGeek 4y agoI do Xamarin (Microsoft's iOS / Android framework) and the listings often throw in Swift / Java / Kotlin. Sometime's they'll throw in React Native and Flutter even if they don't use them. The Xamarin world isn't huge and I guess they just want to try to grab the attention of as many hybrid mobile devs as possible.
- randomtwiddler 4y agoWe looked for a xamarin dev last year and couldn't find one. I'm not surprised listings are awkward.
- nfriedly 4y agoI think part of it is that there are a lot more old Android and iOS apps out there that still use Java/Objective-C. These apps are probably worth maintaining and updating, but not necessarily worth rewriting. (And, you'd still need to know the old language in order to do a decent rewrite.) For iOS where I work, we use primarily Objective-C, with only a tiny bit of Swift. We actually have more Rust code than we do Swift. (The Rust code is for our cross-platform logic that's shared between Android and iOS.) I think the Android side is all Java with no Kotlin at all.
- Gadiguibou 4y agoI'm curious to know how much bias there is against smaller languages. From my experience reading job postings, a lot of job postings for jobs where you may work with more "niche" technologies list more common ones beside what they are looking for and expect you to learn the technology during onboarding.
- dan_mctree 4y agoIt might not be a cool language, but I'm surprised not to see VB anywhere here. It's still used in plenty of places, why does it not show in job listings?
- democracy 4y agoMaybe they didn't know it exists so never parsed for it specifically
- inatreecrown2 4y ago15 jobs for Fortran. Are there young People that are qualified for these Fortran jobs, or is it only older folk?
- mywittyname 4y agoFrom my experience, it's mostly older people (50+). But my experience is also that companies still using Fortran understand that they need to train new hires to use it. So the "qualifications" for these jobs is probably more about background than programming language proficiency.
- fulafel 4y ago"Job offers with fuzzy language requirements were discarded." Doesn't this mean that they're only counting cookie cutter ticket grinding dev jobs? Which will be heavily biased to the current top ~3 corporate use languages. IME in good dev cultures the teams have a lot of freedom in picking the tools, and people are recruited assuming they can pick up new programming languages on the job.
- wiz21c 4y agoArgh, R is very low in the list. That's strange because in my (limited) experience, it's incredibly productive for data analysis/modelling.
- ThinkBeat 4y agoC# is not based C/C++, It is based on Java. In the beginning Microsoft created its own Java compiler and called it J++. Then there was a lawsuit by Sun that went on for a while. Microsoft decided to cancel J++ and instead, shortly afterwards C# 1.0 was released and the language was extremly similar. I was using early C# 1.0 Betas and it was even more obvious. Later editions and certainly C# 2.0 which introduced generics took a different path than Java and today they are different.
- joneholland 4y agoThis isn’t totally accurate. J++ was an actual JVM implementation, c# ran on the .net runtime that was being developed at the same time for the next generation of Visual Basic. While the languages looked superficially similar, the runtime and base class library is significantly different. After the sun lawsuit, Microsoft dropped j++ and released j#, which allowed for a weird hybrid of Java but with the .net class library running on the .net runtime. This was short lived because why use this over c#, and has been mostly forgotten to history.
- hackerfromthefu 4y agoIts also heavily based on Delphi/C++ Builder, which evolved from Turbo Pascal.
- tompazourek 4y agoCan you please elaborate?
- Clubber 4y agoAnders Hejlsberg worked at Borland for many years and was heavy into creating Delphi. He was hired away from Borland to Microsoft. Having said that, it's more the IDE than the actual language. Delphi and C# aren't similar syntactically. C# is a C styled language while Delphi is a Pascal styled language (well it is Pascal/Object Pascal in everything but name). There are some similarities though, for example, C# has standard data types along with objects like Delphi where Java does not (at least last time I checked). Visual Studio early on and Visual Studio today are very similar to the Borland dev studio when Hejlsberg was working there. I've used both languages/IDEs in my career extensively, albeit I haven't used Delphi in probably 15-20 years. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Hejlsberg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Hejlsberg
- iKnowKungFoo 4y agoAny chance you could add "ColdFusion" to the list? Keywords: "coldfusion","cold fusion", "cfml". Should return around 1k job listings.
- maerF0x0 4y agoCompanies are notoriously bad at listing what they actually hire for in a JD. So unfortunately this might be misleading... It really only answers the question -- "If I want a job right now, and only for now, and I do not know any programming languages, which should I learn?" It doesnt even give job stability because some of the highest languages may be on their way out, whereas the lowest might be just coming to popularity (and will rise for +10 yrs) ...
- 62951413 4y agoTrue that. One particularly odd situation is common in data engineering circles. Most DE descriptions require something like "experience with Java/Scala/Python". Notice that one of them is from a completely different family than the others. Very frequently nowadays they actually have a predominantly Python code base. Searching by simply "Java" or "Scala" is nonsensical for exactly this reason. They are mentioned in a large number of job ads just in case. Even if they are not actually used.
- kosolam 4y agoWould be great to see this data also by industry
- tedmiston 4y agoConflating JavaScript and TypeScript feels like a stretch. On the surface, that appears to take virtually every company doing a front end web app and merge it with everyone doing JS or TS on the backend, when the rest of the languages are just backend. The author doesn't seem to clearly list a methodology so I'm guessing a bit but... I put a lot more stock in Stack Overflow's survey results, although I also wish they distinguished frontend JS vs backend JS usage in comparison to the rest of the languages which are only backend. https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2022/#technology-most-popular-technologies https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2022/#technology-most-popula...
- hu3 4y agoChart for posterity: https://i.imgur.com/ufn0IZ4.png https://i.imgur.com/ufn0IZ4.png Interesting that C# surpassed and started gaining some margin over PHP this year according to that analysis.
- ab_testing 4y agoThe author talks about 7M jobs, but the graph of the most popular programming languages only lists around 1~1.5M jobs. What were the technical requirements of the other 5.5M jobs. The top 5 are JS/TS 500K Py 300K Java 262K C# 135K PHP 110K Go 30K Others 50K
- mleonhard 4y agoWhere did the scanner find 4,000 Rust jobs? During my recent job search, I found only five: zed.dev code editor, systeminit.com devops tooling, fly.io, Microsoft security tooling, and Tesla car simulation. I excluded cryptocurrency, embedded, and some really cool jobs in Europe.
- charlie0 4y agoHow many of you are getting offers for a job where you don't know the language being used AND have less than 5 YOE? My take on this type of study is that it's extremely noisy. There are tons of job ads that list 3-5 langs. These are basically recruiter dragnets and there are many of these postings out there. Of course JS would be listed in most. I think this data would be more useful if we can filter by lang count in the job description. 1-2 langs I get, but more than 3 would be a red flag. It could be causing heavy bias.
- mbrodersen 4y agoThis reminds me that C/C++ are probably the most successful programming languages in history. They are ancient compared with the competition but new projects are started every day in C/C++ and most of the worlds software runs on top of C/C++. JS/TS/Python for example runs on top of runtimes written in C/C++, running on top of an OS written in C/C++, running on top of a CPU designed with tools written in C/C++ etc.