13 ms·
The Impact of Vitamin D Level on Covid-19: Systematic Review Meta-Analysis
- stefs 5y agonote that this has been "Published online 2021 Mar 5"
- throwaway492911 5y agoDoes Vitamin D have any impact on the ‘Covid Delta Plus Rewards Program’ Variant?
- raelmiu 5y agoVitamin D is great for the immune system. Should help with all infections. Including Covid. Always good to do the research ofc. But I'm not exactly surprised.
- notafraudster 5y agoGiven that a lot of the COVID morbidity and mortality is the cytokine storm rather than the infection itself, I wouldn't consider it a priori clear that Vitamin D helps, is neutral, or harms patients who get COVID. The result isn't sufficient to answer the question. It establishes, generally, that Vitamin D deficient people are more likely to get COVID. It is not able to establish whether these suffer a common cause which affects both Vitamin D levels and COVID (even simple geography or SES would matter -- poor people are more likely to be vitamin deficient, and also more likely to work and live in a manner that exposes them to COVID). The included studies in the meta-analysis seem inconsistent about whether they attempt to adjust (in a "selection on observables" sense) for confounders, but only a few even mention confounders. For that reason I am not sure the use of the causal language "impact of... on" in the title is justified. I would consider this a lead that is worth investigating, but haven't really adjusted my very diffuse priors on the basis of this MA.
- AndrewBissell 5y ago> Given that a lot of the COVID morbidity and mortality is the cytokine storm rather than the infection itself, I wouldn't consider it a priori clear that Vitamin D helps, is neutral, or harms patients who get COVID. Autocrine vitamin D signaling switches off pro-inflammatory programs of cells: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41590-021-01080-3 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41590-021-01080-3
- tremon 5y agoYou're identifying the right threat with Covid but you're misrepresenting the role of vitamin D: it is exactly through cytokine regulation that increased Vitamin D concentration is beneficial. See for example this study, from 2014: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25331710/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25331710/ In conclusion, severe vitamin D deficiency is associated with elevated inflammatory cytokine concentrations in diabetic patients
- AnthonBerg 5y agoInteresting. Thank you. Vitamin D is also correlated with exposure to ultraviolet light, i.e. sunlight. In that case, exposure to sunlight is a direct cause of vitamin D synthesis. Exposure to sunlight causes other things to happen. One of those things is that trans-urocanic acid—a substance synthesized by the body and found on the skin—is converted to the cis isomer, so into cis-urocanic acid, which induces immune suppression by activating serotonin receptor 5-HT2A. Sunlight reduces inflammation through the end result of activating a serotonin receptor! (This is wild!) Source: • Cis-urocanic acid, a sunlight-induced immunosuppressive factor, activates immune suppression via the 5-HT2A receptor, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2006 — https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0603119103 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0603119103 It's all very interesting. I'm super curious. (As far as I know, the 5-HT2A receptor is unusual among serotonin receptors in that it causes immune suppression; As I understand it, most of the other serotonin receptors cause immune system activation in the context of the immune system. And afaik serotonin receptors are widely purposed in the immune system.) Now. COVID-19 is a disease of inflammation and clotting. As far as I know, plasma serotonin is greatly elevated in COVID illness. Platelets have both serotonin transporters and serotonin receptors – type 5-HT2A. (In platelets, that receptor happens to induce clotting, not immunomodulation.) There is a strong correlation between SSRI use—serotonin reuptake inhibitors—and people faring much better with a COVID-19 infection. Randomized clinical trials have shown this: • Effect of early treatment with fluvoxamine on risk of emergency care and hospitalisation among patients with COVID-19: the TOGETHER randomised, platform clinical trial – The Lancet, October 17, 2021: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(21)00448-4/fulltext https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-1... Observational studies have shown a correlation. Here's a recent, large one: • Mortality Risk Among Patients With COVID-19 Prescribed Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Antidepressants – Journal of the American Medical Association, November 15 2021: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2786136 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle... And there are plausible mechanisms of action: • Fluvoxamine: A Review of Its Mechanism of Action and Its Role in COVID-19 – Frontier in Pharmacology, April 2021: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.652688/full https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.6526... The following preprint on the proposed mechanism of action is super interesting. It's a preprint but as far as I know the mechanisms have shown to hold true. • COVID-19 Pathophysiology: Are Platelets and Serotonin Hiding in Plain Sight?, preprint dated February 5, 2021: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3800402 https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3800402 Frankly, I'd be willing to bet real money that at least part of the correlation between having little vitamin D and faring poorly with COVID-19 is a reflection of a causative relationship: Little exposure to sunlight causing less than usual 5-HT2A-receptor immunomodulation causing more severe disease. How? Not exactly sure. But the papers try to present the case (and do so much better than a HN rando). I'm thinking receptor up/downregulation might have something to do with it maybe. And what seems to be the role of the 5-HT2A receptor as a negative feedback point in general in the immune system.
- f6v 5y ago> Vitamin D is great for the immune system. > Always good to do the research ofc. But I'm not exactly surprised. How can you say whether it’s good or not without doing the research in the first place?
- deleted 5y ago[deleted]
- deleted 5y ago[deleted]
- mcguire 5y agoIf you are vitamin D deficient. If not, taking supplements is a waste of time and may cause other long-term problems.
- credit_guy 5y ago> Conclusions: In conclusion, low serum 25 (OH) Vitamin-D level was significantly associated with a higher risk of COVID-19 infection. The limited currently available data suggest that sufficient Vitamin D level in serum is associated with a significantly decreased risk of COVID-19 infection. This is not as strong a conclusion as it first sounds, for two reasons. 1. This says nothing about Vitamin D as a cure once you got infected. It might work, or it might not, but this study simply does not address the question at all. 2. Correlation (in this case the word used was "association") does not mean causation. A simple example would be something like this: people deficient in Vitamin D are more likely to spend a lot of times indoors, where the transmission of the virus via aerosols is higher. People who spend a lot of time outdoors will get both more Vitamin D and less exposure to the virus. So, if you supplement with Vitamin D but you spend a lot of time indoors, you might, or you might not get higher protection, but this study does not say it.
- TheBlight 5y agoGetting more sun and/or taking vitamin D supplements (in moderation) seem like low risk things to try given the potential benefit.
- yosito 5y agoI agree in the short term, but in the long term, sun exposure is a skin cancer risk.
- NoNotTheDuo 5y agoIn other news, living is strongly correlated to eventually dying
- mmazing 5y agoAlmost everyone who has ever been alive eventually died. It's a dangerous condition.
- credit_guy 5y ago
- swader999 5y agoWhy wouldn't Gates and Fauci promote supplementation given all their other interest in this space? Seems obvious to anyone that spent time reading and looking for ways to mitigate this in early 2020 that vitamin D would likely help.
- LegitShady 5y agoThere is no money to be had and no patents to file for vitamin d.
- oceanplexian 5y agoI don’t know why you’ve gotten downvotes, but it’s true. For example one of the strongest predictors of severe COVID-19 is obesity, but not a peep about maintaining a healthy diet or regular exercise from our top doctors during the entire pandemic. If the CDC launched a national effort to get Americans outdoors to exercise (Surely a lot cheaper than the stimulus we spent money on) hundreds of thousands of lives would have been saved, not only from COVID but from diabetes and heart disease.
- hjtkfkfmr 5y agoObesity is killing people for decades now. Telling people "just get fit" doesn't work.
- mixmastamyk 5y agoCovid did motivate a few folks I know to start hiking, even without a government push.
- overspeed 5y agoCDC alone can't solve an issue that stems from high sugar food encouraged by the subsidies from the government. Please note that I'm not knocking on subsidies as a concept but the sugar subsidies which enable the low cost diet in the US.
- 5y ago
- destitude 5y agoAlso shows that when the USA prevented people in nursing homes from even going outside (to get sun exposure) it was the worse thing they could have done. So the "lockdown" had direct impact on increasing likelihood of nursing home deaths.
- f6v 5y agoNow you’re just speculating. The difference between association and causation has been already mentioned in this thread.
- destitude 5y agoAnd you are only referencing the linked (now somewhat old) study. Other newer studies have already proven the link.
- jaquer_1 5y agohttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34684596/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34684596/ Conclusions: The datasets provide strong evidence that low D3 is a predictor rather than just a side effect of the infection. Despite ongoing vaccinations, we recommend raising serum 25(OH)D levels to above 50 ng/mL to prevent or mitigate new outbreaks due to escape mutations or decreasing antibody activity.
- AutumnCurtain 5y ago>Also shows that when the USA prevented people in nursing homes from even going outside (to get sun exposure) it was the worse thing they could have done. Is this something you feel is supported by the article or is this your own synthesis? And if it's the latter what sources led you to that conclusion?
- ummonk 5y agoAside from denying them the benefits of Vitamin D and sun exposure, you're basically confining residents to a petri dish of circulating virus.
- 5y ago
- phoronixrly 5y agoReminder that Vitamin D is a substance that can be toxic if taken in large doses.
- jaquer_1 5y agoHow large? Kilos? Cubic Meters? Please give us a link.
- LegitShady 5y agoConsult a doctor and get your levels tested instead.
- phoronixrly 5y agoDoses vary by person. Consult a physician.
- mcguire 5y ago"Acute toxicity would be caused by doses of vitamin D probably in excess of 10,000 IU/day, which result in serum 25(OH)D concentrations >150 ng/ml (>375 nmol/l). That level is clearly more than the IOM-recommended UL of 4,000 IU/day. Potential chronic toxicity would result from administration of doses above 4,000 IU/day for extended periods, possibly for years, that cause serum 25(OH)D concentrations in the 50–150 ng/ml (125–375 nmol/l) range (15)." (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6158375/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6158375/)
- unmole 5y agoAs can coffee, sugar and even water.
- PragmaticPulp 5y agoThe association between Vitamin D deficiency (VDD as referred to in this article) and increased risk of respiratory infections is well-known. Mild to moderate Vitamin D supplementation, especially during winter or in those with subpar dietary habits, is a good idea. However, I've noticed that Vitamin D has been garnered an almost cult-like following on parts of the internet in recent years. Some of the health claims around Vitamin D are getting out of control, and the recommendations for Vitamin D supplementation are far too high in certain circles. I have to admit that I fell for this to some degree. I started supplementing 5000 IU/day after reading all of the writings about Vitamin D deficiency, the health benefits of Vitamin D, and the arguments that current Vitamin D supplementation recommendations were far too low. But that 5000 IU/day put me near overdose territory when I got my serum levels checked. Even my doctor, who is very pro-Vitamin D supplementation, warned me to significantly cut my supplementation. The scary part is that I see recommendations for significantly higher Vitamin D dosing all over Twitter and health forums lately. There's a growing idea that more is better, amplified by health influencers trying to stand out from the crowd and the growing cult-like status of Vitamin D as a wonder vitamin. I think encouraging mild vitamin d supplementation (or improved dietary patterns with more Vitamin D) is a good step in the right direction, but I'm also worried to see how much of this is being exaggerated and taken to unhealthy extremes. When in doubt, get a blood test.
- spamizbad 5y agoMy understanding is Vitamin D stays in your system a while. It’s one of the reasons why I believe Vitamin D deficiencies tend to be treated with 1-3 very large doses of Vitamin D, separated by weeks, with what I assume are blood tests in between.
- PragmaticPulp 5y agoYes! The half-life of Vitamin D in the body is very long. Toxicity can build over many months of supplementation, which is why it's important to get a blood test after around 6 months of starting supplementation.
- 5y ago
- arboghast 5y agoIf we consider that most people are possibly deficient in Vitamin D, then it’s not surprising to see. That really doesn’t tell us anything. Or do I misunderstand? Also by curiosity, are there any conclusive evidences that supplementing Vitamin D is beneficial for anything? I’m taking it as recommended by my doctor but I’m wondering.
- mixmastamyk 5y agoWhy not try reading the linked article?
- arboghast 5y agoI did but I’m not a scientist and I don’t know how to interpret the full study either. I’m asking a legitimate question based on the abstract. I’m trying to understand something and I get downvoted instead. What happened to this community?
- mixmastamyk 5y agoI thought the abstract was pretty readable. There have been many articles on this and the site as well. HN has a weird philosophy and has always been downvote happy. Wouldn’t take it personally, think of people trying to get the best comments to the top, and have limited tools. Still, when HN is good it’s the best. Rereading your comment it kinda has a “please do my homework” vibe.
- tannerbrockwell 5y agoYou can request a test to confirm your level of Vitamin D. If you get the test make sure it is the right one! 25 (OH) stays in the blood longer, so this is the more accurate test. (half life of 3 weeks in your blood). Many experts recommend a level of at least 30 ng/ml ... some actually suggest that 50 ng/ml is recommended. The scale on the test results is: Interpretive Data: Deficiency: <10 ng/mL Insufficiency: 10 to 30 ng/mL Sufficiency: 30 to 100 ng/mL Toxicity: >100 ng/mL "The majority of 25-OH vitamin D (25-D) in the circulation is derived from the conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin that is irradiated with ultraviolet radiation in the UVB range (wavelength 290 nm to 315 nm).1-5 The extent of vitamin D formation is not tightly controlled and depends primarily on the duration and intensity of the UV irradiation. Levels produced typically reach a plateau within 30 minutes of exposure." [1] "Vitamin D insufficiency is more prevalent among African Americans (blacks) than other Americans and, in North America, most young, healthy blacks do not achieve optimal 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations at any time of year." [2] [1]: https://www.labcorp.com/test-menu/36721/vitamin-d-25-hydroxy https://www.labcorp.com/test-menu/36721/vitamin-d-25-hydroxy [2]: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16549493 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16549493
- tejohnso 5y agoDr. John Campbell has been talking about vitamin D effectiveness against Covid-19 for months now on his channel[1]. I find it frustrating that I get more thorough and well presented information from third party youtubers than from my government officials. [1]: https://www.youtube.com/c/Campbellteaching https://www.youtube.com/c/Campbellteaching
- andruby 5y agoHe's actually been talking about Vitamin D since April 2020 [0] and discussed the encouraging first clinical trial in September 2020 [1]. There are plenty of published studies on Vitamin D and its effects on Covid. I don't understand why healthcare guidelines don't mention or promote it more. The only reason I've come up with so far is that the pharmaceutical companies don't focus on it since there is no money to be made. Vit. D is basically free (€4 for a year's supply of 20 mcg/day). Without the push and lobbying from Pharma, I guess it doesn't get enough attention? [0] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GCSXNGc7pfs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GCSXNGc7pfs [1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V8Ks9fUh2k8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V8Ks9fUh2k8
- phonypc 5y agoHe's also been credulously spreading nonsense about ivermectin and vaccine adverse events. Not someone worth listening to. FWIW, he's also not a medical doctor. Not that he explicitly claims to be, but presenting medical information with a "Dr." in front of your name and no M.D. or Ph.D in a medically relevant field is kinda sketchy.
- starkd 5y agoOh come on. He's spent decades in the field as a nurse. He explains the latest literature on the subject in terms people can understand, and he obviously has the experience to do it. To dismiss him just because he's not a medical doctor is to ignore all the other medical fields. From what I've experienced, often times its the nurses who better equipped to understand the latest studies better than the doctors do, because they are more hands on. To dismiss so off-handedly indicates you are more politically motivated in your criticism than you care to admit. You are merely boosting for a "side". By the way, he is merely pointing to the latest studies from the leading publications on ivermectin. He's pointed to both the good and bad. He even admitted that it's results were somewhat disappointing, but still showed a somewhat beneficial effect. And he points to the studies themselves. Medicine seriously hurts its credibility when it doesn't report the shades of gray. When you don't do that, people don't trust it. Dr. John Campbell has proven to be a valuable resource in this pandemic, because he is playing it straight.
- flenserboy 5y agoIf you do supplement vitamin D, D3 is the preferable variety, and be sure to take Vitamin K with it — & be sure to get a K that contains both K1 & K2. K is needed so that calcium does not get deposited willy-nilly through the body (think arteries). There's also evidence that appropriate magnesium levels are also needed for D to properly function.
- starkd 5y agoOh, here we go with the add ons. This is what I hate about supplementation advice. You start with one, and 6 months later they tell you you've been doing it all wrong, and that without magnesium or some such thing it's essentially worthless. Before you know it, you've got a whole cabinet of pills. And they all run out at staggered times. Been through this before. it's why I swore off vitamin supplents before. But they draw you back in with promotions like this! I don't know what to do.
- mcguire 5y agoAnd then one day you look up and realize you are taking megadoses of B6 and have lost your sense of proprioception.
- starkd 5y agoHate it when that happens
- flenserboy 5y agoYeah, it's obnoxious. The problem is that much of what gives the best results can't be had through diet anymore — for instance, seeing as soil used over and over again is rapidly becoming depleted of minerals, vegetables are left without the nutritional punch they used to pack. Supplementation isn't ideal, to be sure, but it can be done strategically. I've been using Cronometer (and I'm sure there are other great tools out there) to track not just macro- but micronutrients, and that's given me a good idea of what might be useful to add and what I don't need to. I put the note about D without K up simply as a PSA — there are some supplements that really shouldn't be taken alone, especially in large doses.
- fredophile 5y agoBased on what I've seen I'm not convinced vitamin D is responsible for all of the benefits that get attributed to it. It is very hard to separate the impact of getting vitamin D from the sun from other effects like exercise and spending time in nature. If you're worried about vitamin D levels and can do it, I'd suggest small lifestyle changes like taking a 10 minute walk outside after meals before supplementing. Having said that, I do currently also supplement vitamin D since its winter.
- deleted 5y ago[deleted]
- ch0I9daAiO 5y agoDon't forget your vitamin K. Excessive vitamin D can lead to arterial calcification, but vitamin K reduces this buildup.
- vixen99 5y agoIn the paper I've quoted elsewhere in this thread, the authors say that there is no danger from this if calcium supplements are absent. They also reiterate your point about vitamin K. Sorry, no direct link. Try sci-hub.
- exhilaration 5y agoif calcium supplements are absent Sorry, could you explain that further? I supplement low amounts of both vitamin D and calcium, do I need to be worried about this vitamin k? And could you quote the title of the paper again?
- DantesKite 5y agoMost supplements are overrated (and this is coming from someone who has taken quite a few in the past for various issues, then stopped when the issues were resolved). Most of the time you're better off just eating more bioavailable foods. The risks are more well-known. The only exception is magnesium. It really does seem like everybody should supplement or get a blood test, since deficiency is so common. It can also be the source of random panic attacks, especially if you're particularly stressed. My sister had this issue for a while until she started taking epsom salt baths and discovered it basically made her random panic attacks disappear.
- bronto 5y agoVery true. Drs understanding of magnesium is what vitamin D was in the 1990s. I agree that most supplements are overrated unless you've got a serious health problem. Then they become very useful but it's hard and expensive to figure out what works. A high quality protein with magnesium does wonders as well. Amino acids are required to build a lot of important things in the body.
- DoreenMichele 5y agoIf you are deficient in Vitamin D, obviously supplementing (or otherwise working to improve your Vitamin D status) is what you should do. That's generally good advice, pandemic or no pandemic. This is the umpteenth Vitamin D article I have seen on HN. Let me suggest that people could look for and post research on other nutrients as well/instead. I will suggest people keep their eye out for articles on zinc, iron and B vitamins as a place to start. The respiratory component for Covid-19 is being over hyped. The evidence seems to suggest blood clots and other impacts on the circulatory system are a largely overlooked major aspect of the pathology.
- mixmastamyk 5y ago> The respiratory component for Covid-19 is being over hyped. The evidence seems to suggest blood clots and other impacts on the circulatory system... These happen as a result of the respiratory infection getting out of control however. So, preventing that is an understandable priority. Aspirin can help prevent blood-clots when needed.
- MrQuincle 5y agoOf course the scientist control for seasons. Levels of vitamin D of course are related to sunshine. There's also correlation with obesity, etc. etc. Very difficult to find out if then actually taking vitamin D as a supplement would do something valuable.
- bronto 5y agoIt's not difficult to discover this. Look at basic research with autoimmune patients. It's already well known.
- podgaj 5y agoFirst, I am not an anti-vaxxer, I think we need vaccines AND better health and nutrition to get through the pandemic. So why is this a surprise? Why do you think we need these vitamins and hormones? (Vitamin D is actually a hormone) For our health! You will find that many of the risk factors of COVID are also outcomes of vitamin D deficiency. https://portlandpress.com/biochemj/article-abstract/474/8/1321/49583/Vitamin-D-deficiency-and-diabetes https://portlandpress.com/biochemj/article-abstract/474/8/13... https://clinicalhypertension.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40885-018-0094-4 https://clinicalhypertension.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1... But what should be being studied even more than Vitamin D? ZINC. A zinc deficiency not only effects ACE and ACE2, but also ADAM17, which cleaves ACE2 off the cell to make soluble ACE2. When the virus attaches to soluble ACE2 it cannot enter the cell. https://www.mdpi.com/viruses/viruses-12-00491/article_deploy/html/images/viruses-12-00491-g001.png https://www.mdpi.com/viruses/viruses-12-00491/article_deploy... More studies on Soluble ACE2 and COVID that are constantly ignored: A novel soluble ACE2 protein protects from lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coro https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coro... Bioengineered angiotensin-converting-enzyme-2: a potential therapeutic option against SARS-CoV-2 infection https://www.nature.com/articles/s41371-021-00636-y https://www.nature.com/articles/s41371-021-00636-y Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Convertase (ADAM17) Mediates Regulated Ectodomain Shedding of the Severe-acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Receptor, Angiotensin-converting Enzyme-2 (ACE2) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002192582 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002192582... AKI in a mouse model of COVID-19: Therapeutic potential of a novel soluble ACE2 variant https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coro https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coro... Killing Two Birds with One Stone by Administration of Soluble ACE2: A Promising Strategy to Treat Both Cardiovascular Diseases and SARS-CoV-2 Infection https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/11/2243 https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/11/2243 Potent prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of recombinant human ACE2-Fc against SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo https://www.nature.com/articles/s41421-021-00302-0 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41421-021-00302-0 Soluble ACE2 in SARS-CoV-2 infection https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-021-00422-6 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-021-00422-6 Zinc supplementation bolsters repurposed antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210202/Zinc-supplementat https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210202/Zinc-supplementat... COVID-19: Poor outcomes in patients with zinc deficiency https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S120197122 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S120197122...
- thenewnormal 5y agoThe irony of being confined to my house during one of the best summers my country has ever known, to "fight" a disease that is well-known to be worse for vit-D deficient people.....
- superfunny 5y agoFrom what I understand, individuals with naturally darker skin tend to be at greater risk from vitamin D deficiency. This is because naturally darker skin reduces the absorption of UV rays. I wonder to what extent vitamin D deficiency could be a contributing factor to the disparate impact that Covid-19 has had on different ethnic communities (at least in the United States). Is anyone aware of any studies done in this regard?
- renatoba 5y agothere is Doctor in Brazil "Dr coimbra". who is famous for defending huge doses daily of Vitamin D > 10.000UI/day ( sometimes 100.000UI/day ). He have followers similar to a cult, its impressive how preenche the use of vitamin-d to every Kind of desease.
- mcguire 5y agohttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6158375/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6158375/
- pepoluan 5y agoThis is an "old" publication. Are there newer analyses?