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I'm sure it varies somewhat from company to company, but the general ethos was to reduce warehousing to an absolute minimum. From a corporate finance perspectiv

I'm sure it varies somewhat from company to company, but the general ethos was to reduce warehousing to an absolute minimum. From a corporate finance perspective, this has a bunch of benefits. Excess inventory is effectively unproductive capital. Additionally, it's costly to store and is subject to theft and damage as well. A lot of the focus on JIT came out of post-war Japan where capital was scarce and this was done out of necessity. In some cases, an incredibly aggressive supply chain and payment schedule can actually create financing for a company. Aswath Damodaran's corporate finance class mentions one of the major alkaline battery producers as an example. At any point, they only have 2 days worth of production in inventory, and they require payment within ~7 days from clients, while their own suppliers are paid after 30 days. That means at any point, they are holding about 20 days of revenue worth of cash without paying any interest.

nradov 5y ago
Walmart focuses on fast inventory turnover in their stores. They get paid by customers at point of sale, but pay suppliers months later. During that interval they can invest the float and earn interest. So to a limited extent they literally can lose money on every sale but make it up in volume.
- GenerocUsername 5y ago
  Holy cow. That saying of "make it up in volume" finally makes sense in so many places it previously seemed infeasible. Its not purely cashIn-cashOut, there is a time property as well, and various forms of investment can make cash_t1>cash_t0
  - skrtskrt 5y ago
    Yep. Some companies plan this way from the start, but almost all do it once they get mature enough where these type of financial engineering optimizations can really make sense to spend time and expertise on. I have read that something like 5% of Starbucks' accounting liabilities are gift cards that have not yet been redeemed. So again in a simplified financial view, that is a loan at 0% interest, and some percentage of that "loan" will never get called in. I guarantee you they have models about what percent and at what rate over time that "loan" actually gets "called in" (redeemed for coffee and store employees' time).
    - rsj_hn 5y ago
      Of course, it costs money to create these cards, build out the tech stack behind them, deal with fraud monitoring, etc. I am sure many millions were spent on this and continues to be spent on it, yet the gift card is free. You don't need to pay an extra penny to use the card. That's paid for by people who don't redeem all the value on the cards as well as the spread between payment and redemption, so someone must have run the numbers and decided whether building this infrastructure is worth it.
      - conjecTech 5y ago
        It's probably paid for by the better fee structure on payment processing: credit card processing is generally a base fee + a percent of the purchase. By having people put $20 on a Starbucks card once rather than making 5 different $4 transactions, they reduce the fixed charge they incur by 80%.
        rsj_hn 5y ago
        That's another good point, I didn't think of that cost reduction.
- listenallyall 5y ago
  Wal-Mart most certainly does not lose money on every sale. Its gross margins have been very stable at around 24-25% every quarter for the past 10 years, including the pandemic. The interest it makes on the float, while significant to you or I, is mostly a rounding error in the interest-rate environment we're currently in. https://ycharts.com/companies/WMT/gross_profit_margin https://ycharts.com/companies/WMT/gross_profit_margin

nradov 5y ago

Walmart focuses on fast inventory turnover in their stores. They get paid by customers at point of sale, but pay suppliers months later. During that interval they can invest the float and earn interest. So to a limited extent they literally can lose money on every sale but make it up in volume.

GenerocUsername 5y ago
Holy cow. That saying of "make it up in volume" finally makes sense in so many places it previously seemed infeasible. Its not purely cashIn-cashOut, there is a time property as well, and various forms of investment can make cash_t1>cash_t0
- skrtskrt 5y ago
  Yep. Some companies plan this way from the start, but almost all do it once they get mature enough where these type of financial engineering optimizations can really make sense to spend time and expertise on. I have read that something like 5% of Starbucks' accounting liabilities are gift cards that have not yet been redeemed. So again in a simplified financial view, that is a loan at 0% interest, and some percentage of that "loan" will never get called in. I guarantee you they have models about what percent and at what rate over time that "loan" actually gets "called in" (redeemed for coffee and store employees' time).
  - rsj_hn 5y ago
    Of course, it costs money to create these cards, build out the tech stack behind them, deal with fraud monitoring, etc. I am sure many millions were spent on this and continues to be spent on it, yet the gift card is free. You don't need to pay an extra penny to use the card. That's paid for by people who don't redeem all the value on the cards as well as the spread between payment and redemption, so someone must have run the numbers and decided whether building this infrastructure is worth it.
    - conjecTech 5y ago
      It's probably paid for by the better fee structure on payment processing: credit card processing is generally a base fee + a percent of the purchase. By having people put $20 on a Starbucks card once rather than making 5 different $4 transactions, they reduce the fixed charge they incur by 80%.
      - rsj_hn 5y ago
        That's another good point, I didn't think of that cost reduction.
listenallyall 5y ago
Wal-Mart most certainly does not lose money on every sale. Its gross margins have been very stable at around 24-25% every quarter for the past 10 years, including the pandemic. The interest it makes on the float, while significant to you or I, is mostly a rounding error in the interest-rate environment we're currently in. https://ycharts.com/companies/WMT/gross_profit_margin https://ycharts.com/companies/WMT/gross_profit_margin