6 ms·

How I built the world's first 3D ultrasonic scanner

152 points by belzebalex 5y ago

wyager 5y ago
There have been some projects to make “sonic cameras” using MEMS mic arrays that this reminds me of. https://hackaday.com/2020/08/10/acoustic-camera-uses-many-many-microphones/ https://hackaday.com/2020/08/10/acoustic-camera-uses-many-ma...
- belzebalex 5y ago
  The maths is exactly the same, except that the beamforming is at the reception rather than at the emission. But it works based on the same principle.
rescbr 5y ago
Hah! Back in my undergrad days I’ve thought about doing exactly this, but I couldn’t figure out the beamforming part, so I just measured distances in (microcontroller) software by correlating transmitted x received waveforms. Awesome project! I’m happy the author figured it out! I feel vindicated :)
- belzebalex 5y ago
  Thank you!I've been helped a lot by how technology changed for the past few years (lots of good resources online, was able to do simulations easily, MCU programming a lot easier, etc).
tomcam 5y ago
Amazing. I was literally working in a factory at that age
abductee_hg 5y ago
well, you sir, are the first. except maybe those lamers: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_ultrasound https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_ultrasound :)
- vlovich123 5y ago
  The title in the submission is inaccurate & not actually the title of the article. The missing bit: > that works in the air, using off-the-shelf components (< $100).
b0tzzzzzzman 5y ago
Have you seen the way lasers are used to do this? NDT or non destructive testing has use dual laser systems to create ultrasound for several decades. Check it out if you are interested. I can try to find that papers if you would like.
- belzebalex 5y ago
  I think one of the subjects of my exam for entering engineering schools (a thing we do in France) was about that. Would really like to see papers on the subject, because I don't really understand how you can use lasers in opaque materials. Will also look at my test to see if it's really about that.
  - littlestymaar 5y ago
    > I think one of the subjects of my exam for entering engineering schools (a thing we do in France) was about that. Cool. For which school was it? And Which year? (I'd like to get the subject and read it actually)
    - belzebalex 5y ago
      It is this year's entrance exam (PSI) for the École Normale Supérieure and the Polytechnique school. The subjects have not been officially published. But here's a scanned copy: https://www.cpge-paradise.com/Concours2021/PhysPSI.pdf https://www.cpge-paradise.com/Concours2021/PhysPSI.pdf It's in French though!
      - StavrosK 5y ago
        I don't speak French at all, but it sounds funny to me that the École is both Normal and Supérieure. Like, make up your mind, school!
        VVertigo 5y ago
        I don’t speak French either but I like the etymological sense that Superior school means Post-Secondary/College better than the English version. It seems like a logical and efficient way to get the meaning across.
danwills 5y ago
Fascinating! Awesome project. Interference of waves seems to be such a fertile ground for all sorts of unexpected powerful possibilities.
raverbashing 5y ago
Interesting, but yeah, he fought way too hard with the analog part driving the transducers I get it, it's a hobby project, but I feel the knowledge of analog electronics is getting lost in a way (and yes the analog people are the worse at explaining things - I think I saw YT videos more informative than whole university courses)
- belzebalex 5y ago
  Author here. It's all digital (square waves!). There were definitely well-known circuits for driving transducers, but I had to improvise to make a circuit small and simple enough to build 100 of them. Building new circuits requires tinkering and many tries, regardless of the builder's knowledge.
  - raverbashing 5y ago
    > well-known circuits for driving transducers, but I had to improvise to make a circuit small and simple enough to build 100 of them Yes, maybe an Opamp that works at 40V could have worked (with an appropriate feedback config), but your end result looks ok. I'm just saying that putting the transducer in the emitter was a non-starter (as you correctly pointed out) > Building new circuits requires tinkering and many tries, regardless of the builder's knowledge. Absolutely, I'm not denying it :) It's a great job nonetheless
    - belzebalex 5y ago
      > I'm just saying that putting the transducer in the emitter was a non-starter I don't get it. What do you mean by that?
      - raverbashing 5y ago
        There are two reasons why you don't put it there, one of which you explained "The NPN capacitor here only cuts out the alimentation of the capacitor, but there's nothing to discharge it.". Yes, the transducer has (theoretical) infinite resistive load. But another reason (which would be valid for a resistive load as well) is that anything plugged into the emitter will have its impedance "reflected" to the base. Even if you're talking about a digital circuit you need to think about transistor biasing. A pure capacitive load on the emitter means no biasing. One of the ways you could work around this is to have an inductor in parallel with the transducer so it would resonate at the frequency you want https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LC_circuit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LC_circuit (though not very practical to your case) - but ideally this would go on the collector, not on the emitter Your 3 transistor solution is ok for the most part. Maybe it's doable with only one transistor but probably would need an inductor and/or wouldn't be too efficient. (Not the best explanation, but this would require some trial and error and actually thinking a bit about the analog aspects of the circuit)
vanderZwan 5y ago
> If it's so easy, why hasn't anyone done it before? Medical 3D ultrasounds are a thing: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_ultrasound https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_ultrasound That doesn't take away anything from how cool this project is though!
- belzebalex 5y ago
  I guess that the main option is the second one. Lidars, once they are solid-state and cheaper will be a better alternative (smaller, more precise and much faster). The first option isn't the good one. Ultrasounds are already used in car parking assists and people trying to improve them would have gone the same route as I did.
- jiofih 5y ago
  It’s a lot easier when the waves are propagating in mostly liquid. Like a sonar.
minipci1321 5y ago
Great accomplishment, but people were building 3D ultrasonic scanners back in 80-ies, for much less than $100: [didn't read your article, your claim has put me off, sorry] -- use an electric spark gap as the wideband acoustic source -- use 3 simple electret mikes on 3 axes. Mikes don't need to be high quality (spark intensity can always be raised as necessary), so they were hand-assembled using metallised mylar film (used nowadays to pack some food, or ESD-sensitive electronics components). The rest was data processing.
- belzebalex 5y ago
  Very interesting! Do you have any links for me to learn more? There are a few limits on what you can scan with only 3 mics. I detail everything in my article. Really suggest you read it.
  - minipci1321 5y ago
    I only quickly checked and found this: https://rusneb.ru/catalog/000224_000128_0000488231_19751015_A1_SU/ https://rusneb.ru/catalog/000224_000128_0000488231_19751015_... -- click on "Skachat' PDF" (second from the top on the left). Unfortunately it is in Russian, not sure whether English translation exists. This patent seems only for (X,Y) coordinate capture, but the same authors later worked on 3D setups as well. EDIT: let me know if you need help with translation
    - belzebalex 5y ago
      I definitely would like an English translation. Though, from what I understand (the diagram and the translation of the title) it's a graphic input device that can work out a few points at the time, and not in the same sphere (as echos will overlap, a point I develop in my article). So it's not properly able to scan an object like I did? Apart from that, how have you found that untranslated 1975 Russian patent? Google Scholar? It's impressive what they were able to build with such low-tech.
      - minipci1321 5y ago
acomjean 5y ago
Reminds me of phased array radars. Where they form an array of transmitters into a moveable “beam” https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phased_array https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phased_array Radar is at its simplistic sensing a pulse out and listening for a return. But then the engineers wanted more.. of course home radar would not be really safe. Cool project by the way.
- belzebalex 5y ago
  It is exactly what it is, except I used ultrasounds (40khz, easy to work with) instead of electromagnetic waves.
amelius 5y ago
> I hated using a Chinese company for a job that could be done in France, but no local companies were offering the same service. They exist, except they are more pricey.
- belzebalex 5y ago
  Would you have any links please? I didn't see any that did small development batches for a price lower than 200 EUR.
  - amelius 5y ago
    https://pcbshopper.com/ https://pcbshopper.com/
    - belzebalex 5y ago
      I'm in France ;-)
      - amelius 5y ago
        You can enter your country in the "Ship to" field. Check e.g. Eurocircuits
  - nerdbeere 5y ago
    https://aisler.net/ https://aisler.net/ they definitely aren’t as cheap as Chinese offers but I always found them to be reasonably priced. They manufacture in Germany.
Aeolun 5y ago
Not sure about the first, but it is really cool regardless. I tried doing a similar thing once upon a time with RFID (SAR), but I couldn’t figure out how it would work. This seems even lower level, since I was basically using off the shelf components, and you built the whole thing yourself! Really cool.
sorenjan 5y ago
Phased array ultrasonics[0] and Multibeam echo sounding[1] has been around for decades[2]. This project in particular is an example of what's called an air coupled ultrasonic phased array. It's an interesting project, but it's not first. Congrats on making it happen though, and thanks for the write up. [0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phased_array_ultrasonics https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phased_array_ultrasonics [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multibeam_echosounder https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multibeam_echosounder [2] https://patents.google.com/patent/US5675552 https://patents.google.com/patent/US5675552
- belzebalex 5y ago
  Author here, the title is a bit misleading. In the article, I specify that it's the first 3d ultrasonic scanner (of my knowledge) that works in the air.

152 points by belzebalex 5y ago

There have been some projects to make “sonic cameras” using MEMS mic arrays that this reminds me of. https://hackaday.com/2020/08/10/acoustic-camera-uses-many-many-microphones/ https://hackaday.com/2020/08/10/acoustic-camera-uses-many-ma...

belzebalex 5y ago
The maths is exactly the same, except that the beamforming is at the reception rather than at the emission. But it works based on the same principle.

rescbr 5y ago

Hah! Back in my undergrad days I’ve thought about doing exactly this, but I couldn’t figure out the beamforming part, so I just measured distances in (microcontroller) software by correlating transmitted x received waveforms. Awesome project! I’m happy the author figured it out! I feel vindicated :)

belzebalex 5y ago
Thank you!I've been helped a lot by how technology changed for the past few years (lots of good resources online, was able to do simulations easily, MCU programming a lot easier, etc).

tomcam 5y ago

Amazing. I was literally working in a factory at that age

abductee_hg 5y ago

well, you sir, are the first. except maybe those lamers: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_ultrasound https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_ultrasound :)

vlovich123 5y ago
The title in the submission is inaccurate & not actually the title of the article. The missing bit: > that works in the air, using off-the-shelf components (< $100).

b0tzzzzzzman 5y ago

Have you seen the way lasers are used to do this? NDT or non destructive testing has use dual laser systems to create ultrasound for several decades. Check it out if you are interested. I can try to find that papers if you would like.

belzebalex 5y ago
I think one of the subjects of my exam for entering engineering schools (a thing we do in France) was about that. Would really like to see papers on the subject, because I don't really understand how you can use lasers in opaque materials. Will also look at my test to see if it's really about that.
- littlestymaar 5y ago
  > I think one of the subjects of my exam for entering engineering schools (a thing we do in France) was about that. Cool. For which school was it? And Which year? (I'd like to get the subject and read it actually)
  - belzebalex 5y ago
    It is this year's entrance exam (PSI) for the École Normale Supérieure and the Polytechnique school. The subjects have not been officially published. But here's a scanned copy: https://www.cpge-paradise.com/Concours2021/PhysPSI.pdf https://www.cpge-paradise.com/Concours2021/PhysPSI.pdf It's in French though!
    - StavrosK 5y ago
      I don't speak French at all, but it sounds funny to me that the École is both Normal and Supérieure. Like, make up your mind, school!
      - VVertigo 5y ago
        I don’t speak French either but I like the etymological sense that Superior school means Post-Secondary/College better than the English version. It seems like a logical and efficient way to get the meaning across.

danwills 5y ago

Fascinating! Awesome project. Interference of waves seems to be such a fertile ground for all sorts of unexpected powerful possibilities.

raverbashing 5y ago

Interesting, but yeah, he fought way too hard with the analog part driving the transducers I get it, it's a hobby project, but I feel the knowledge of analog electronics is getting lost in a way (and yes the analog people are the worse at explaining things - I think I saw YT videos more informative than whole university courses)

belzebalex 5y ago
Author here. It's all digital (square waves!). There were definitely well-known circuits for driving transducers, but I had to improvise to make a circuit small and simple enough to build 100 of them. Building new circuits requires tinkering and many tries, regardless of the builder's knowledge.
- raverbashing 5y ago
  > well-known circuits for driving transducers, but I had to improvise to make a circuit small and simple enough to build 100 of them Yes, maybe an Opamp that works at 40V could have worked (with an appropriate feedback config), but your end result looks ok. I'm just saying that putting the transducer in the emitter was a non-starter (as you correctly pointed out) > Building new circuits requires tinkering and many tries, regardless of the builder's knowledge. Absolutely, I'm not denying it :) It's a great job nonetheless
  - belzebalex 5y ago
    > I'm just saying that putting the transducer in the emitter was a non-starter I don't get it. What do you mean by that?
    - raverbashing 5y ago
      There are two reasons why you don't put it there, one of which you explained "The NPN capacitor here only cuts out the alimentation of the capacitor, but there's nothing to discharge it.". Yes, the transducer has (theoretical) infinite resistive load. But another reason (which would be valid for a resistive load as well) is that anything plugged into the emitter will have its impedance "reflected" to the base. Even if you're talking about a digital circuit you need to think about transistor biasing. A pure capacitive load on the emitter means no biasing. One of the ways you could work around this is to have an inductor in parallel with the transducer so it would resonate at the frequency you want https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LC_circuit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LC_circuit (though not very practical to your case) - but ideally this would go on the collector, not on the emitter Your 3 transistor solution is ok for the most part. Maybe it's doable with only one transistor but probably would need an inductor and/or wouldn't be too efficient. (Not the best explanation, but this would require some trial and error and actually thinking a bit about the analog aspects of the circuit)

vanderZwan 5y ago

> If it's so easy, why hasn't anyone done it before? Medical 3D ultrasounds are a thing: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_ultrasound https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_ultrasound That doesn't take away anything from how cool this project is though!

belzebalex 5y ago
I guess that the main option is the second one. Lidars, once they are solid-state and cheaper will be a better alternative (smaller, more precise and much faster). The first option isn't the good one. Ultrasounds are already used in car parking assists and people trying to improve them would have gone the same route as I did.
jiofih 5y ago
It’s a lot easier when the waves are propagating in mostly liquid. Like a sonar.

minipci1321 5y ago

Great accomplishment, but people were building 3D ultrasonic scanners back in 80-ies, for much less than $100: [didn't read your article, your claim has put me off, sorry] -- use an electric spark gap as the wideband acoustic source -- use 3 simple electret mikes on 3 axes. Mikes don't need to be high quality (spark intensity can always be raised as necessary), so they were hand-assembled using metallised mylar film (used nowadays to pack some food, or ESD-sensitive electronics components). The rest was data processing.

belzebalex 5y ago
Very interesting! Do you have any links for me to learn more? There are a few limits on what you can scan with only 3 mics. I detail everything in my article. Really suggest you read it.
- minipci1321 5y ago
  I only quickly checked and found this: https://rusneb.ru/catalog/000224_000128_0000488231_19751015_A1_SU/ https://rusneb.ru/catalog/000224_000128_0000488231_19751015_... -- click on "Skachat' PDF" (second from the top on the left). Unfortunately it is in Russian, not sure whether English translation exists. This patent seems only for (X,Y) coordinate capture, but the same authors later worked on 3D setups as well. EDIT: let me know if you need help with translation
  - belzebalex 5y ago
    I definitely would like an English translation. Though, from what I understand (the diagram and the translation of the title) it's a graphic input device that can work out a few points at the time, and not in the same sphere (as echos will overlap, a point I develop in my article). So it's not properly able to scan an object like I did? Apart from that, how have you found that untranslated 1975 Russian patent? Google Scholar? It's impressive what they were able to build with such low-tech.
    - minipci1321 5y ago

acomjean 5y ago

Reminds me of phased array radars. Where they form an array of transmitters into a moveable “beam” https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phased_array https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phased_array Radar is at its simplistic sensing a pulse out and listening for a return. But then the engineers wanted more.. of course home radar would not be really safe. Cool project by the way.

belzebalex 5y ago
It is exactly what it is, except I used ultrasounds (40khz, easy to work with) instead of electromagnetic waves.

amelius 5y ago

> I hated using a Chinese company for a job that could be done in France, but no local companies were offering the same service. They exist, except they are more pricey.

belzebalex 5y ago
Would you have any links please? I didn't see any that did small development batches for a price lower than 200 EUR.
- amelius 5y ago
  https://pcbshopper.com/ https://pcbshopper.com/
  - belzebalex 5y ago
    I'm in France ;-)
    - amelius 5y ago
      You can enter your country in the "Ship to" field. Check e.g. Eurocircuits
- nerdbeere 5y ago
  https://aisler.net/ https://aisler.net/ they definitely aren’t as cheap as Chinese offers but I always found them to be reasonably priced. They manufacture in Germany.

Aeolun 5y ago

Not sure about the first, but it is really cool regardless. I tried doing a similar thing once upon a time with RFID (SAR), but I couldn’t figure out how it would work. This seems even lower level, since I was basically using off the shelf components, and you built the whole thing yourself! Really cool.

sorenjan 5y ago

Phased array ultrasonics[0] and Multibeam echo sounding[1] has been around for decades[2]. This project in particular is an example of what's called an air coupled ultrasonic phased array. It's an interesting project, but it's not first. Congrats on making it happen though, and thanks for the write up. [0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phased_array_ultrasonics https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phased_array_ultrasonics [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multibeam_echosounder https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multibeam_echosounder [2] https://patents.google.com/patent/US5675552 https://patents.google.com/patent/US5675552

belzebalex 5y ago
Author here, the title is a bit misleading. In the article, I specify that it's the first 3d ultrasonic scanner (of my knowledge) that works in the air.