27 ms·

I'm Married to an ER Doc in NYC

204 points by smalera 6y ago

klmadfejno 6y ago
The way things are described make the doctors sound powerless. I've been frustrated by the lack the information on the usefulness of hospitals. The impression I've gotten is that they cannot do much, and if they would go as far as intubation, you're highly likely to die even with intubation.
- ketanmaheshwari 6y ago
  I have never admitted to a hospital in the US but have heard stories of other folks who have been. I just get a feeling that once you are admitted in a hospital nobody has any power including yourself. Everything is taken over by the "system". This is my biggest fear why I would never want to be hospitalized.
  - klmadfejno 6y ago
    That may be true, but I meant powerless to meaningfully improve someone's medical outcome due to COVID, regardless of bureaucratic barriers.
    - koheripbal 6y ago
      ...which is not correct.
  - nashashmi 6y ago
    It actually benefits you to have a doctor in the family who is there navigating and talking to the doctors. The doctors are more receptive to each other and listen carefully. Otherwise you are just a number. And the doctors won't try so hard on patients who really don't have any understanding of medicine in the first place.
    - bsder 6y ago
      > And the doctors won't try so hard on patients who really don't have any understanding of medicine in the first place. I have never found this to be the case. Generally, if I was fighting with a doctor, it was because he was trying to be too aggressive and do too much, not too little.
      - nashashmi 6y ago
        Clarification : Doctors won't try so hard to do thorough testing of the patient nor would they take a deep look to assess all symptoms. But if they feel you know medicine or are capable of understanding medicine or have a drive to learn more about your condition, then they will try harder, do more tests, ask more questions, etc.
    - isolli 6y ago
      My wife went to the ER (in Manhattan) with septicemia a week after giving birth. She was left lying on a stretcher for 17 hours without as much as water to drink before they finally "found" a room for her. (Thankfully she recovered.) A few months later, a friend who works at the hospital told me: I wish you had called me, I could have gotten you a room. And I thought: this is just like a third world country, where you need connections to get basic care.
      - koheripbal 6y ago
        You are lucky. People in Quebec hospitals are left in hallways permanently, due to space issues - even before covid.
  - bsder 6y ago
    > I just get a feeling that once you are admitted in a hospital nobody has any power including yourself. Everything is taken over by the "system". This is my biggest fear why I would never want to be hospitalized. Well, I was admitted and personally walked out with a gall bladder about to explode. Yeah, I was back in the hospital 24 hours later ... not my finest hour. So, I can absolutely confirm that you can be stubborn and buck the system. I will absolutely defend your ability to spend time and research your treatment when dealing with doctors normally--especially for chronic conditions. Doctors page fault on every patient and if you are being responsible you may very well be better informed than your general practitioner about what is going on with your body. However, if you are actually admitted to a hospital with something acute, do you really have the wherewithal to diagnose and manage it? By the time I hit the hospital, I was probably on 72 hours with very little sleep and pain that took hydromorphone to even dent. I guarantee I wasn't thinking clearly by then. The biggest problem with hospitals is that you need an advocate for you, personally. Without someone in the room with you, you won't know if the nurse missed that medication round, isn't paying attention to your increasing temperature, didn't bring you your lunch, etc. The problem isn't when the system works. The problem is that without someone else there you don't have someone to watch for if the system hiccups.
- screye 6y ago
  Yeah, the odds of death if you have to be put on a ventilator is 88%. It is similar to CPR, in that it works but statistically has a very low chance of success since it is only administered once the situation has deteriorated to near certain death.
  - joshgel 6y ago
    88% is definitely not true. That paper retracted that claim.
    - screye 6y ago
      Thanks a lot for correcting that. I was going off the stat NYC reported at the peak of the pandemic. Just checked and it is quite the stark difference. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/05/15/856768020/new-evidence-suggests-covid-19-patients-on-ventilators-usually-survive https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/05/15/8567680... Quote from the article Old information: Early reports from China, the United Kingdom and Seattle found mortality rates as high as 90% among patients on ventilators. And more recently, a study of some New York hospitals seemed to show a mortality rate of 88%. New information: The mortality rate among 165 COVID-19 patients placed on a ventilator at Emory was just under *30%* . And unlike the New York study, only a few patients were still on a ventilator when the data were collected.
      - jrib 6y ago
        For others having a hard time reading those quotes on mobile: Old information: Early reports from China, the United Kingdom and Seattle found mortality rates as high as 90% among patients on ventilators. And more recently, a study of some New York hospitals seemed to show a mortality rate of 88%. New information: The mortality rate among 165 COVID-19 patients placed on a ventilator at Emory was just under 30% . And unlike the New York study, only a few patients were still on a ventilator when the data were collected.
- bsder 6y ago
  > The impression I've gotten is that they cannot do much, and if they would go as far as intubation, you're highly likely to die even with intubation. Anecdotal evidence seems to be that the doctors are getting better at treating the worst Covid patients. It's still not something you want to get, but it's not quite the death sentence it was. Apparently, high-flow ventilation is a big improvement over intubation, but until everybody had enough/proper protective equipment it simply wasn't on the table (it aerosolizes the virus). Which drug cocktails help and how to administer them is also improving. We're not getting a good treatment until monoclonal antibodies or a vaccine, but were not simply standing still, either.
- nradov 6y ago
  There is a lot that doctors can do short of intubation. Take a look at this care protocol. https://www.evms.edu/covid-19/covid_care_for_clinicians/#d.en.140202 https://www.evms.edu/covid-19/covid_care_for_clinicians/#d.e...
- davycro 6y ago
  We can put a patient on oxygen without intubating them. High flow oxygen can provide up to 60 liters per minute. We can prone patients, and provide them with nutrition to help support their immune system. We save many patients with supportive care. We can’t however cure the virus. And if it progresses far enough then no amount of oxygen will save a patient. These cases are hard because we have to watch someone die without any means to save them. Doing cpr on a patient with covid can feel pointless. If the lungs do work then no amount of chest compressions, oxygen, and cardiac drugs will save that person.
  - klmadfejno 6y ago
    I'm hoping this doesn't come off as snarky but, why can't / don't we tell people to prone at home? As I understand, it's literally just lying down on your stomach. I first encountered the concept in a new york times article where the interviewed nurse was saying the problem was people got bored and stopped doing it. That sounded... dumb. And as though being prone should be plastered all over the public health recommendations.
    - davycro 6y ago
      Good question. Proned patients are too sick to survive at home. As soon as the roll onto their back or sit upright they start suffocating and must work for their breath. Because of this they need help caring for themselves. They also are at risk of becoming much worse and needing more oxygen.
      - klmadfejno 6y ago
        > Proned patients are too sick to survive at home. Proned patients are just people lying on their stomachs, are they not? I get that its something you would recommend to someone who is really low on oxygen, but why aren't people who aren't too sick to survive at home being told to do this also? Is there a downside? Like if your pulse oximeter starts readying 88 and slowly dropping, its probably a good idea to start proning, in the very least at night while sleeping?
dr_ 6y ago
Not an ER doc, but a doc in long term care facilities which have been hit particularly hard. Fortunately things have slowed down considerably now, but at its peak it was absolutely nerve racking. There’s an element to this pandemic which many people working in healthcare have felt. We see patients fall sick often, and we see them die often, although this was at an near overwhelming scale. But what we don’t see often is our own colleagues falling sick and, in some cases, dying. This adds a level of despair that I personally had never experienced before, and adds to the stress of the job. Which is why when it is written off by some as nothing more than a bad flu season, I get upset. This is something worse, and despite all the research that’s been done in a short time, still something we don’t fully understand - and something that is not over.
- joering2 6y ago
  > Fortunately things have slowed down considerably now, I don't get that tho. Supposedly accordingly to all stats, its as bad as its been before. We have 800 to 1,000 death per day and are on record to hit 200k death by September. How come I heard that the pandemic has slowed down yet... according to numbers its been the same.
  - felipemnoa 6y ago
    Slowed down in his region? It certainly has slowed down considerably in NYC.
  - deleted 6y ago
    [deleted]
  - flatline 6y ago
    The number of daily cases nationwide, as well as the number of deaths, has been steadily dropping since the peak: https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/national/coronavirus-us-cases-deaths/ https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/national/corona... That being said we know practically nothing actionable about the spread of the disease, little more than we did when it started. Clearly the combination of masks and social distancing has slowed the spread but we don’t know how much good if any the masks really do, and we can’t never go outside again. It’s a waiting game, and a game of seeing just how much isolation we can collectively stomach. Unpleasant, and the end is certainly not yet in sight.
anonu 6y ago
the tldr is: being a doc in NYC right now is a high stress - maybe battlefield like scenario. Lots of patients, lots of death, hard to cope with a routine like that.
- nashashmi 6y ago
  Tldr artistic writing like that? And then miss out all the details? Cruel.
spodek 6y ago
I recorded a podcast episode with my brother-in-law, a New York City surgeon, that has become one of my most downloaded. He talks about not knowing important information early, the challenge of going between surgery and home, but most of all, seeing the possibility of having to triage between who might live or die. We cover non-pandemic stuff too. https://joshuaspodek.com/guests/michael-turner-dds-md https://joshuaspodek.com/guests/michael-turner-dds-md
el_nahual 6y ago
> When Alex finally gets home, he takes his scrubs off outside our front door and stuffs them into a plastic bag that he ties off tightly. He takes his hospital clogs off and leaves them outside, along with his backpack and coat. Why do doctors and nurses walk around outside in their hospital scrubs? It was unsanitary even before COVID and I just don't get it. How hard can it be to change into street clothes before leaving the hospital? I see nurses and doctors in scrubs on public transit, in coffee shops, cafeterias... they are either taking whatever illnesses were in the hospital outside, or taking the dirt and grime of the outside world into the hospital. It's baffling that this behavior is so normalized that it's described as heroic in TFA.
- throwawaylalala 6y ago
  It's actually not easy; not every place has facilities for that. Wife is a nurse, and we went through this discussion of the best process when she was an ICU nurse during the Ebola scare five years ago. Remember too, sometimes folks are on the way to work in their scrubs, not necessarily leaving work.
  - el_nahual 6y ago
    What "facilities"? We're talking about changing clothes. Shower curtain ought to be enough! And the point about going to work in scrubs is also bad: scrubs should be as much about keeping stuff out of the hospital as in. If a neighborhood yoga studio can provide a place to change, pretty sure any healthcare facility can too.
    - akiselev 6y ago
      When's the last time you saw a yoga studio the size of an average hospital? Most hospitals have staff numbering into the hundreds or thousands with 24/7 operations [1]. We're talking large locker room facilities all over the place with many departments getting their own, especially after COVID, which themselves become central points for disease spread since shift changes aren't evenly spread out. I don't think it's a bad idea to make big investments into such infrastructure now but I think it's completely reasonable it wasn't a priority before. [1] The average hospital with 50 to 99 beds has a FT+PT staff of about 400 ( beckershospitalreview.com/hospital-management-administration/50-things-to-know-about-hospital-staffing.html ) and half of all hospitals in the US have under 100 beds.
deleted 6y ago
[deleted]
izietto 6y ago
Reading the title I thought the topic was a marriage with an Entity Relationship document
- dennis_jeeves 6y ago
  lol
thedrbrian 6y ago
> I haven’t hugged my family in over two months — anything to keep them from contracting a virus that could kill them. It could but they look fairly young and as long as they’ve no comorbidities they’ll be fine.
- dannyw 6y ago
  It’s incredibly true. We know coronavirus is only really dangerous to the elderly and those with weakened immunity systems. So why aren’t we focusing all the attention and effort on protecting the most vulnerable, instead of spreading misinformation like “COVID doesn’t discriminate” (it does) and panicking over schools while sending confirmed positive patients back to nursing homes?
  - J-dawg 6y ago
    I agree - this kind of misinformation is so widespread now. It seems completely counter productive. The other bit of widespread misinformation is the 2m/6ft distancing thing. It's just an arbitrary number. Weirdly the fearmongering makes me feel like being less careful, not more. The way I see it, if COVID is really so contagious that I'm likely to catch it from a stranger's exhaled breath as I pass them in the street, then I'm guaranteed to catch it eventually, so what's the point? I'm sure it can technically be transmitted in this way, but what's the actual probability? Tiny enough to not be worth worrying about, I expect.
    - gizmo 6y ago
      Tiny exposure to covid (by passing somebody on the street) is exceptionally unlikely to make you sick, but it will help your immune system recognize the enemy. This builds partial immunity and if you get exposed for real at some later point your immune system will be able to kick into gear right away.
      - pas 6y ago
        Has this been demonstrated? Is this true? Is this really how the immune system works?

204 points by smalera 6y ago

The way things are described make the doctors sound powerless. I've been frustrated by the lack the information on the usefulness of hospitals. The impression I've gotten is that they cannot do much, and if they would go as far as intubation, you're highly likely to die even with intubation.

ketanmaheshwari 6y ago
I have never admitted to a hospital in the US but have heard stories of other folks who have been. I just get a feeling that once you are admitted in a hospital nobody has any power including yourself. Everything is taken over by the "system". This is my biggest fear why I would never want to be hospitalized.
- klmadfejno 6y ago
  That may be true, but I meant powerless to meaningfully improve someone's medical outcome due to COVID, regardless of bureaucratic barriers.
  - koheripbal 6y ago
    ...which is not correct.
- nashashmi 6y ago
  It actually benefits you to have a doctor in the family who is there navigating and talking to the doctors. The doctors are more receptive to each other and listen carefully. Otherwise you are just a number. And the doctors won't try so hard on patients who really don't have any understanding of medicine in the first place.
  - bsder 6y ago
    > And the doctors won't try so hard on patients who really don't have any understanding of medicine in the first place. I have never found this to be the case. Generally, if I was fighting with a doctor, it was because he was trying to be too aggressive and do too much, not too little.
    - nashashmi 6y ago
      Clarification : Doctors won't try so hard to do thorough testing of the patient nor would they take a deep look to assess all symptoms. But if they feel you know medicine or are capable of understanding medicine or have a drive to learn more about your condition, then they will try harder, do more tests, ask more questions, etc.
  - isolli 6y ago
    My wife went to the ER (in Manhattan) with septicemia a week after giving birth. She was left lying on a stretcher for 17 hours without as much as water to drink before they finally "found" a room for her. (Thankfully she recovered.) A few months later, a friend who works at the hospital told me: I wish you had called me, I could have gotten you a room. And I thought: this is just like a third world country, where you need connections to get basic care.
    - koheripbal 6y ago
      You are lucky. People in Quebec hospitals are left in hallways permanently, due to space issues - even before covid.
- bsder 6y ago
  > I just get a feeling that once you are admitted in a hospital nobody has any power including yourself. Everything is taken over by the "system". This is my biggest fear why I would never want to be hospitalized. Well, I was admitted and personally walked out with a gall bladder about to explode. Yeah, I was back in the hospital 24 hours later ... not my finest hour. So, I can absolutely confirm that you can be stubborn and buck the system. I will absolutely defend your ability to spend time and research your treatment when dealing with doctors normally--especially for chronic conditions. Doctors page fault on every patient and if you are being responsible you may very well be better informed than your general practitioner about what is going on with your body. However, if you are actually admitted to a hospital with something acute, do you really have the wherewithal to diagnose and manage it? By the time I hit the hospital, I was probably on 72 hours with very little sleep and pain that took hydromorphone to even dent. I guarantee I wasn't thinking clearly by then. The biggest problem with hospitals is that you need an advocate for you, personally. Without someone in the room with you, you won't know if the nurse missed that medication round, isn't paying attention to your increasing temperature, didn't bring you your lunch, etc. The problem isn't when the system works. The problem is that without someone else there you don't have someone to watch for if the system hiccups.
screye 6y ago
Yeah, the odds of death if you have to be put on a ventilator is 88%. It is similar to CPR, in that it works but statistically has a very low chance of success since it is only administered once the situation has deteriorated to near certain death.
- joshgel 6y ago
  88% is definitely not true. That paper retracted that claim.
  - screye 6y ago
    Thanks a lot for correcting that. I was going off the stat NYC reported at the peak of the pandemic. Just checked and it is quite the stark difference. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/05/15/856768020/new-evidence-suggests-covid-19-patients-on-ventilators-usually-survive https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/05/15/8567680... Quote from the article Old information: Early reports from China, the United Kingdom and Seattle found mortality rates as high as 90% among patients on ventilators. And more recently, a study of some New York hospitals seemed to show a mortality rate of 88%. New information: The mortality rate among 165 COVID-19 patients placed on a ventilator at Emory was just under *30%* . And unlike the New York study, only a few patients were still on a ventilator when the data were collected.
    - jrib 6y ago
      For others having a hard time reading those quotes on mobile: Old information: Early reports from China, the United Kingdom and Seattle found mortality rates as high as 90% among patients on ventilators. And more recently, a study of some New York hospitals seemed to show a mortality rate of 88%. New information: The mortality rate among 165 COVID-19 patients placed on a ventilator at Emory was just under 30% . And unlike the New York study, only a few patients were still on a ventilator when the data were collected.
bsder 6y ago
> The impression I've gotten is that they cannot do much, and if they would go as far as intubation, you're highly likely to die even with intubation. Anecdotal evidence seems to be that the doctors are getting better at treating the worst Covid patients. It's still not something you want to get, but it's not quite the death sentence it was. Apparently, high-flow ventilation is a big improvement over intubation, but until everybody had enough/proper protective equipment it simply wasn't on the table (it aerosolizes the virus). Which drug cocktails help and how to administer them is also improving. We're not getting a good treatment until monoclonal antibodies or a vaccine, but were not simply standing still, either.
nradov 6y ago
There is a lot that doctors can do short of intubation. Take a look at this care protocol. https://www.evms.edu/covid-19/covid_care_for_clinicians/#d.en.140202 https://www.evms.edu/covid-19/covid_care_for_clinicians/#d.e...
davycro 6y ago
We can put a patient on oxygen without intubating them. High flow oxygen can provide up to 60 liters per minute. We can prone patients, and provide them with nutrition to help support their immune system. We save many patients with supportive care. We can’t however cure the virus. And if it progresses far enough then no amount of oxygen will save a patient. These cases are hard because we have to watch someone die without any means to save them. Doing cpr on a patient with covid can feel pointless. If the lungs do work then no amount of chest compressions, oxygen, and cardiac drugs will save that person.
- klmadfejno 6y ago
  I'm hoping this doesn't come off as snarky but, why can't / don't we tell people to prone at home? As I understand, it's literally just lying down on your stomach. I first encountered the concept in a new york times article where the interviewed nurse was saying the problem was people got bored and stopped doing it. That sounded... dumb. And as though being prone should be plastered all over the public health recommendations.
  - davycro 6y ago
    Good question. Proned patients are too sick to survive at home. As soon as the roll onto their back or sit upright they start suffocating and must work for their breath. Because of this they need help caring for themselves. They also are at risk of becoming much worse and needing more oxygen.
    - klmadfejno 6y ago
      > Proned patients are too sick to survive at home. Proned patients are just people lying on their stomachs, are they not? I get that its something you would recommend to someone who is really low on oxygen, but why aren't people who aren't too sick to survive at home being told to do this also? Is there a downside? Like if your pulse oximeter starts readying 88 and slowly dropping, its probably a good idea to start proning, in the very least at night while sleeping?

dr_ 6y ago

Not an ER doc, but a doc in long term care facilities which have been hit particularly hard. Fortunately things have slowed down considerably now, but at its peak it was absolutely nerve racking. There’s an element to this pandemic which many people working in healthcare have felt. We see patients fall sick often, and we see them die often, although this was at an near overwhelming scale. But what we don’t see often is our own colleagues falling sick and, in some cases, dying. This adds a level of despair that I personally had never experienced before, and adds to the stress of the job. Which is why when it is written off by some as nothing more than a bad flu season, I get upset. This is something worse, and despite all the research that’s been done in a short time, still something we don’t fully understand - and something that is not over.

joering2 6y ago
> Fortunately things have slowed down considerably now, I don't get that tho. Supposedly accordingly to all stats, its as bad as its been before. We have 800 to 1,000 death per day and are on record to hit 200k death by September. How come I heard that the pandemic has slowed down yet... according to numbers its been the same.
- felipemnoa 6y ago
  Slowed down in his region? It certainly has slowed down considerably in NYC.
- deleted 6y ago
  [deleted]
- flatline 6y ago
  The number of daily cases nationwide, as well as the number of deaths, has been steadily dropping since the peak: https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/national/coronavirus-us-cases-deaths/ https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/national/corona... That being said we know practically nothing actionable about the spread of the disease, little more than we did when it started. Clearly the combination of masks and social distancing has slowed the spread but we don’t know how much good if any the masks really do, and we can’t never go outside again. It’s a waiting game, and a game of seeing just how much isolation we can collectively stomach. Unpleasant, and the end is certainly not yet in sight.

anonu 6y ago

the tldr is: being a doc in NYC right now is a high stress - maybe battlefield like scenario. Lots of patients, lots of death, hard to cope with a routine like that.

nashashmi 6y ago
Tldr artistic writing like that? And then miss out all the details? Cruel.

spodek 6y ago

I recorded a podcast episode with my brother-in-law, a New York City surgeon, that has become one of my most downloaded. He talks about not knowing important information early, the challenge of going between surgery and home, but most of all, seeing the possibility of having to triage between who might live or die. We cover non-pandemic stuff too. https://joshuaspodek.com/guests/michael-turner-dds-md https://joshuaspodek.com/guests/michael-turner-dds-md

el_nahual 6y ago

> When Alex finally gets home, he takes his scrubs off outside our front door and stuffs them into a plastic bag that he ties off tightly. He takes his hospital clogs off and leaves them outside, along with his backpack and coat. Why do doctors and nurses walk around outside in their hospital scrubs? It was unsanitary even before COVID and I just don't get it. How hard can it be to change into street clothes before leaving the hospital? I see nurses and doctors in scrubs on public transit, in coffee shops, cafeterias... they are either taking whatever illnesses were in the hospital outside, or taking the dirt and grime of the outside world into the hospital. It's baffling that this behavior is so normalized that it's described as heroic in TFA.

throwawaylalala 6y ago
It's actually not easy; not every place has facilities for that. Wife is a nurse, and we went through this discussion of the best process when she was an ICU nurse during the Ebola scare five years ago. Remember too, sometimes folks are on the way to work in their scrubs, not necessarily leaving work.
- el_nahual 6y ago
  What "facilities"? We're talking about changing clothes. Shower curtain ought to be enough! And the point about going to work in scrubs is also bad: scrubs should be as much about keeping stuff out of the hospital as in. If a neighborhood yoga studio can provide a place to change, pretty sure any healthcare facility can too.
  - akiselev 6y ago
    When's the last time you saw a yoga studio the size of an average hospital? Most hospitals have staff numbering into the hundreds or thousands with 24/7 operations [1]. We're talking large locker room facilities all over the place with many departments getting their own, especially after COVID, which themselves become central points for disease spread since shift changes aren't evenly spread out. I don't think it's a bad idea to make big investments into such infrastructure now but I think it's completely reasonable it wasn't a priority before. [1] The average hospital with 50 to 99 beds has a FT+PT staff of about 400 ( beckershospitalreview.com/hospital-management-administration/50-things-to-know-about-hospital-staffing.html ) and half of all hospitals in the US have under 100 beds.

deleted 6y ago

[deleted]

izietto 6y ago

Reading the title I thought the topic was a marriage with an Entity Relationship document

dennis_jeeves 6y ago
lol

thedrbrian 6y ago

> I haven’t hugged my family in over two months — anything to keep them from contracting a virus that could kill them. It could but they look fairly young and as long as they’ve no comorbidities they’ll be fine.

dannyw 6y ago
It’s incredibly true. We know coronavirus is only really dangerous to the elderly and those with weakened immunity systems. So why aren’t we focusing all the attention and effort on protecting the most vulnerable, instead of spreading misinformation like “COVID doesn’t discriminate” (it does) and panicking over schools while sending confirmed positive patients back to nursing homes?
- J-dawg 6y ago
  I agree - this kind of misinformation is so widespread now. It seems completely counter productive. The other bit of widespread misinformation is the 2m/6ft distancing thing. It's just an arbitrary number. Weirdly the fearmongering makes me feel like being less careful, not more. The way I see it, if COVID is really so contagious that I'm likely to catch it from a stranger's exhaled breath as I pass them in the street, then I'm guaranteed to catch it eventually, so what's the point? I'm sure it can technically be transmitted in this way, but what's the actual probability? Tiny enough to not be worth worrying about, I expect.
  - gizmo 6y ago
    Tiny exposure to covid (by passing somebody on the street) is exceptionally unlikely to make you sick, but it will help your immune system recognize the enemy. This builds partial immunity and if you get exposed for real at some later point your immune system will be able to kick into gear right away.
    - pas 6y ago
      Has this been demonstrated? Is this true? Is this really how the immune system works?