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Apprenticeships Beat Classrooms

229 points by BerislavLopac 7y ago

A1phab3t 7y ago
Feels a little like some assumptions are being made in the comments here. Apprenticeships are still a thing in the US. Example: https://does.dc.gov/service/apprenticeships https://does.dc.gov/service/apprenticeships I have a friend who is in this program now to become an electrician. She has been working, for pay, on active construction sites for over a year, after completing introductory training/classroom work. Accepting an apprentice means taking a preliminary dip in your own productivity, until such time as the apprentice can contribute a net gain to your unit. Someone has to take the brunt of that-- with electricians, for example, the introductory training helps them not to kill themselves. Many subjects combine an academic component with an apprenticeship component. Physicians spend a lot of time in clinics as med students before they become full-fledged doctors. Teachers have to student-teach prior to becoming full-fledged teachers. Cosmetology, hair styling, auto mechanics, the list goes on. All of these professions combine some academic study of principles with intense, prolonged hands-on training. In the US if you look at the regulations for unpaid interns, the employing organization must provide experiences equivalent to the amount of learning the intern would recieve in a college course. There's some idea of treating unpaid interns as unskilled labor, but that as far as I know is against the intent of the "unpaid intern" concept and is, technically, illegal.
tastroder 7y ago
"We might not bring back apprenticeships, but by bringing back the features that work, we can all hopefully learn a bit better." The piece seems to ignore that apprenticeships are still a thing in quite a few countries around the world. Here in Germany they developed since the medieval times this piece seems to find so great, and usually include stretches of classroom attendance to get the theory across because you just cannot learn everything by doing in such a setting, I would guess that's even more true today where even trade companies are quite often relatively specialized.
- vturner 7y ago
  In the states, the authors model is absolutely true. Pick up a high school algebra text and it's a more colorful with some meager attempts at explanation version of a Springer book. American education,at least what I have seen, is devoid of applications. To be fair to educators, we do have a cultural issue here in that for manyadolescence is a time spent learning a lot about fads, entertainers, and gossip. It is hard to motivate anyone to learn when there's no external motivation.
  - Merrill 7y ago
    Motivation is key. The successful apprentice is one who is motivated to learn from the master. The only problem with the classroom method is that it is often demotivating for the students. With all the online information available, autodidacts have a great opportunity.
    - gmueckl 7y ago
      Autodidactic learning is not always ideal: you may miss some fundamentals of the trade that may be important when you're are setting the curriculum yourself. In some trades, this can potentially endanger people. The other thing autodidacts usually don't get is the unwritten oral part of apprentice training that is passed on informally and often even implicitly.
      - AmericanChopper 7y ago
        You could make similar vague criticisms about academically trained people though. They may enter the work force with little practical skills, their academic sensibilities may interfere with pragmatic decision making... That’s no more of a strawman than your comment. Personally every time I’ve taught myself something, I’ve started with the fundamentals. I taught myself databases from the ground up. I started with learning query optimizers, data normalization and MVCC. I think your criticism is much more dependent on the individual than it is how they were trained.
keiferski 7y ago
The intermingling of economic-focused and academic-focused educational systems is the core cause of this issue. Universities used to be for scholars, whereas apprenticeships were for tradespeople. Over the past century, universities have essentially replaced the role of trade school/master and thus you get the intellectual abstraction process applied to professions which have very little use for it. There are very worthwhile areas of knowledge which have no economic value in the current system. Ergo the apprenticeship model makes no sense for a field like literature or philosophy. They belong in the academy, not the workshop.
- headsoup 7y ago
  Not sure even that entirely holds. A philosophy mentor that can follow your interests and provide/recommend short courses may be as beneficial as a college degree... Except the providers of work focus quite a lot on those fancy certificates.
- analog31 7y ago
  Oddly enough, one college major is well known to have limited economic value: Music. Yet music education follows the apprenticeship model. Individual lessons, practice, ensembles, and performances, are central to the education of music performance majors.
  - zozbot234 7y ago
    Composition and improvisation (where relevant - mostly surviving today in performance on the organ, and almost totally dead in other instruments) are also taught the same way. Somewhat surprising perhaps, since there's actually quite a bit of intellectual engagement with these topics, too - but a heavily practical attitude has long been recognized as yielding the best results.
    - analog31 7y ago
      I'm a jazz musician, but learned improvisation on the bandstand. It was certainly "learning the hard way," and I'm not sure I recommend it. I think one reason for needing practice is that in either of those areas, you're going to suck for a long time before you get good at it. Maybe this is true of writing too. The academic environment is a place where you can get that kind of practice.
duxup 7y ago
I wonder what the difference is between a classroom with a single teacher tasked with educating a room of people who might not be interested...and apprentice with one person who likely is interested. To me it seems that of course that an apprenticeship works better for that task....but also not a fair comparison considering the classroom goals and structure for all sorts of reasons. I also wonder about how well apprenticeships put forth new ideas or ways of doing things.
- vezycash 7y ago
  > classroom with a single teacher tasked with educating a room of people who might not be interested...and apprentice with one person who likely is interested In my experience, the "should be apprentice" in a class is the one ends up being frustrated by the class environment because they care. I see classes like commercial farms - everyone gets the same amount of water, nutrients, sunlight... An apprentice's master is like an expert gardener who notice when one plant needs less sunlight and provides shade. And provides calcium when one plant needs it. That's why small time farmers are usually the ones who create freakishly big tomatoes, carrots, pumpkins... These freakish farm produces created through painstaking personalized education would be called geniuses if they were humans. In small classes, students often get this personalized treatment. But majority of classes aren't small.
  - duxup 7y ago
    I think that's accurate, but really illustrates my point that this is a more apples to oranges type comparison. Classrooms (at least thinking of a US style education) are for the masses. Apprenticeships are for the handful of folks who really care ... that's not many people and in so many ways really isn't for everyone.
- gus_massa 7y ago
  One big difference is that a classroom has 30 or 50 or 100 students, and an in apprenticeship environment you can have probably up to 5 students. The classroom is much cheaper. Another difference is that in an apprenticeship you can "fire" the students. In a classroom there is a big pressure to keep the students there.
sigsergv 7y ago
The author is messing up with two very different topics: (kind of fundamental) education in classrooms (that existed 500 years ago too) and practical craftmanship, that exists now in a broad range of professions including software engineering. So the text looks like a preparation of strawman.
- dkmn 7y ago
  That is an interesting point (framing as a strawman). Something was bugging me in the article, though I think I agree with many of the points made, and your comment recalled it to mind. Both fundamental and practical education matter in most realms. Practical example: medicine (modern allopathic "western" medicine, i.e. the job of a physician, something I know and can comment about relative to both basic science and software). The author implies that time is "wasted" in basic science, when students could simply be more involved with patients. Leaving the value of patient contact aside (most schools do involve students early these days to provide context and motivation), one of the whole points is to provide a multi-level framework for better incorporating later knowledge. This allows a person to adjudicate new findings and therapies, guide their patient and practice, figure out novel situations of atypical presentations (often due to overlapping processes or red herrings). Anyhow, I'm sure others can think of similar examples in fields they know. Also, perhaps one of the western European folks here can comment, but I seem to recall that trade apprentices in, say, Germany, generally still have a pretty decent core knowledge of math, language, etc from school. I.e. pretty comparable to an "academic track" US high school student, excepting AP courses. True?
  - hocuspocus 7y ago
    > Also, perhaps one of the western European folks here can comment, but I seem to recall that trade apprentices in, say, Germany, generally still have a pretty decent core knowledge of math, language, etc from school. I.e. pretty comparable to an "academic track" US high school student, excepting AP courses. True? I'm not sure about Germany, but in Switzerland, "school" is mandatory until the end of middle-school. After that it can really be anything between zero classes, 100% on-the-job apprenticeship and general, academic track high-school. Selection is mostly done by grades, since they're a good indicator whether school/classes/lectures work for a student or not. Most people go to trade schools and will indeed attend core math, language, geography/history classes. But the amount and depth of these classes aren't close to general high-school. They cover maybe 50-60% of the material. And then you'll have people in dual school/on-the-job training, where core classes are really reduced to the bare minimum. Note that all tracks offer bridges to tertiary education, at vocational universities or even sometimes proper universities, so that you aren't stuck forever if you didn't take education seriously as a teenager.
chrisseaton 7y ago
I think the best example of a middle-class modern apprenticeship that people will be able to relate to here is the PhD. It’s an apprenticeship in research where you’re paired with someone who has mastered the craft and passes it on 1-1 to you by helping you do practical work (actual research with research outputs) outside of the classroom.
- btrettel 7y ago
  I think ideally a PhD is an apprenticeship. Practice in my experience is unfortunately not like an apprenticeship, instead it's a low paid job that can be quite abusive. Plus many of the things you "learn" aren't good for research in my view, e.g., I think "publish or perish" causes many researchers to avoid projects with the largest impacts. This is treated as "smart" but I strongly disagree.
  - ip26 7y ago
    Can the same thing not happen to real apprenticeships?
    - kitsune_ 7y ago
      The same most definitely happens with real apprenticeships. In countries like Switzerland, apprenticeships start after the 9th school year and take around 3 to 4 years. During the apprenticeship, the apprentices still have to visit school and write tests. This is a common point of conflict. Let's imagine you are a 17 year old who wants to become a cook and your boss makes you clean the kitchen until 2am and the next day you have a test on algebra at 7:15am. There are laws against this kind of stuff but enforcement is really spotty.
  - telchar 7y ago
    That's what makes PhD work a good example I think, because a low-paid job that can be quite abusive describes apprenticeship very well. It's Inherently reflective of the quality of the master. If the master is an abusive drunk, the apprentice is going to have a bad time. Also the apprentices historically had to do much grunt work like (in blacksmithing, to choose a profession) churning out nails. Produce or perish. I think there are advantages to bringing back parts of apprenticeship, but it is not a system without flaws or weaknesses.
cameronbrown 7y ago
I'm doing an apprenticeship at a FAANG company; it's been an amazing experience so far. I feel like I've learned a hell of a lot more about software engineering from a few code reviews than sitting in lectures and reading textbooks (which don't work as well for me). The value in university seems to be the brand, the networking opportunities and the environment, not the education.
- astura 7y ago
  This is a common thing to say because it's "cool" now but I don't think it's even a little bit true at all. The value of my University was almost entirely the education, I learned a massive amount and did crap tons of homework and projects (not just lectures and books). I was completely and entirely prepared for a good job in software development. I never even wrote "Hello World" before college. I have a family member who signed up for an apprenticeship, but the waiting list was many years long. He was told that he could get higher on the list (or maybe skip the list entirely, can't recall exactly) by getting an associates degree. So he went to a community college to get the associates degree. Once he got the associates degree, however, he no longer needed the internship and went right into the workforce. I never asked him directly how much he makes, but I suspect it's more than I do because he's in a specialist field.
  - Zarath 7y ago
    I agree, I don't know where these people went to school, but maybe they are just in bad CS programs.
- duxup 7y ago
  >the networking opportunities That really only applies to some universities.
- rolltiide 7y ago
  The value of my university was the interdisciplinary parts, forcing me to get exposed to things I would have ignored. I think the application of computer science aficionados to ethics, biology, sound production or many other electives increases the mindshare and cross drift Most of this is irrelevant to the private sector at static point in time. So the sheet of paper saying I went there and the brand is all icing on the cake. No, it isn't a necessary credential to contribute to companies needing to build things with code. That was not always clear and may not be clear in the future.
onei 7y ago
The company I work for is about to take 2 software engineering apprentices for the first time. As far as I can tell, we're not equipped for teaching any theory and as CompSci for under 18s is fairly uncommon in the UK, it's unlikely they're going to have a solid grounding beforehand. Does anyone have experience on what kind of environment and investment of people is required to make a good apprenticeship for this field? Everyone at the company did a CompSci or similar degree, but I feel that apprenticeships are a fundamentally different model.
- ssivark 7y ago
  Suggestion: Could the company/apprentices blog about the experience? (Without necessary getting too personal). It would be a great way to share with the community and good fodder for a discussion and the following round of apprenticeship experiments :-)
  - onei 7y ago
    We're not big bloggers if I'm honest. Everything we do is closed source, corporate and targeted at enterprise. Maybe it'd be nice to do, but it's just not the culture we have in the office.
- BiteCode_dev 7y ago
  The ideal situation is to pair each apprentice with an experienced dev, with a fixed time allocated every day to help them. Yes, it's costly. Yes, the experienced dev needs to be ok with it. Then you find small tasks you know people can google their way around and that you know won't lead to a disaster if they are done badly or if something break. Then you increment. Apprentices are very slow and very demanding at the beginning. Once they are productive though, they have the best cost/benefit ratio of your company, provided you did the first steps well. Source: been an apprentice for 5 years, and all my classmates were.
  - headsoup 7y ago
    I dare guess you have greater company loyalty and knowledge of the business than other hired 'experienced' devs that have joined along the way?
naveen99 7y ago
Some sports leagues draft kids out of high school. What if companies starting offering 4 year apprenticeships out of high school to the most promising students ? How much should they pay these 18 year olds for those 4 years ? Would the colleges lobby the government to ban apprenticeships ?
- dec0dedab0de 7y ago
  Even if they didnt pay them they would be way ahead of where they would be with a standard student loan. The downside is that they'll only learn skills that are valuable for that specific company. I think this is the best argument for a tech union. A way to learn with real world experience, while not being bound to a single company.
  - JanSt 7y ago
    The german apprenticeship system requires a standardized test and you have to go to school 2-3 days per week.
  - lotsofpulp 7y ago
    >The downside is that they'll only learn skills that are valuable for that specific company. In my experience, university did not provide any skills valuable for any company, other than being useful for networking and a little bit of politics if you're involved with organizations in the university. The big value, at least for 18-22 year olds, is from proving that they have the discipline to put in the work to get into a selective school and/or achieve high grades in difficult subjects. As an employer, my main concern when hiring someone is if they are capable, and if they are disciplined enough to apply themselves. If those two are true for a 22 year old, then there is a good chance they can be useful regardless of their specific education.
    - DaiPlusPlus 7y ago
      Anecdotes aren’t data - but even though I knew how to code long before my university CS course - having to do a CS undergrad is the only way most people will learn the boring-but-essential - or hard-to-learn parts of CS or SE. For example - I built commercially successful (by my standards) software while in high-school that used O(n^2) algorithms (!!) - who is is fine for small applications - but the difference between someone “who can code” and “someone who can code well” is typically a BSc and an understanding of how to make things that can scale. We’re all familiar with the trope of the medium-sized business exec who scoffs at the invoice of an SWE consultant arguing “my 12-yo nephew could have built that!” - and they’re not superficially wrong - but their 12yo nephew couldn’t build something that scales to millions of users and petabytes of data. I’ve found a quick-and-dirty way of identifying the unwarranted self-confident types is to ask them how they’d quickly put together a CSV parser - if they give an answer involving `String.Split` you can tell they don’t have a degree.
whiddershins 7y ago
As I’ve pointed out in other threads, I used to mentor people in audio engineering, this is now legally very risky as I am immediately vulnerable to a wide swath of labor regulations in NYC. Not really worth it anymore. Meanwhile it is commonly known to be true in many industries that someone is mostly useless, work productivity wise, when they graduate college. It takes years for them to “know anything.” I’m not sure what the solution is, but obviously apprenticeships are a huge missing piece.
- headsoup 7y ago
  Yep theory vs application. You learn on the workplace (if you're competent) what is and isn't worth knowing pretty quickly, rather than after 3-5 years
- jayd16 7y ago
  Do you still hire college grads or just anyone? Sure the grads don't have any experience but it's better than anyone off the street that knows less than nothing.
acomjean 7y ago
I work in software supporting a field I knew little about (genetics). After 6 months of coding up tools, going to talks and kinda getting the gist, I started taking a couple classes. It really helped my fill in some gaps in my background knowledge and I’d wished I’d done so sooner. So I think both learning methods have their place.
chongli 7y ago
If we’re talking about all areas of study, not only traditional trades, then what is an apprenticeship, really? Is it not merely an education with very low student-teacher ratio? If that is the case, then of course it would beat the classroom. It also won’t scale, hence classrooms. This article does a pretty good job of supporting the advantages of apprenticeship. It does not, however, provide any support for the self-directed pseudo-apprenticeship that it advocates. I have little reason to believe that this model will work for anyone who wasn’t already a capable autodidact. Apprenticeship without the master are not apprenticeship at all.
- ken 7y ago
  > what is an apprenticeship, really? Is it not merely an education with very low student-teacher ratio? No. There are legal requirements for it [1]. In particular, it is a job. Even if you taught algebra one-on-one to students, that would not be an apprenticeship, because the teacher isn’t a worker using algebra for their job, and the student isn’t earning $15 an hour to learn how algebra is used in that profession. [1]: https://www.dol.gov/apprenticeship/toolkit/toolkitfaq.htm#1b https://www.dol.gov/apprenticeship/toolkit/toolkitfaq.htm#1b
  - chongli 7y ago
    Yeah, so the original article doesn't make any sense as an approach for society. Parents want their kids to learn algebra in the hope that they might get into an engineering program. Apprenticeships don't enter into the picture at all. Imagine a mathematics professor trying to apprentice a teenager. It wouldn't work, since the knowledge gap between a high school grad and a working mathematician is huge. The kid wouldn't have anything useful to contribute for a very long time. Perhaps this is why we only see apprenticeships in trades and the like. Those jobs don't require a huge base of knowledge just to be able to understand what's going on.
    - jacobolus 7y ago
      > Imagine a mathematics professor trying to apprentice a teenager. It wouldn't work, [...] Not quite a high school student, but cf. https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-path-less-taken-to-the-peak-of-the-math-world-20170627/ https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-path-less-taken-to-the-peak...
ineedasername 7y ago
Despite the title, the author isn't really saying there should be less classroom learning, only that whatever material is being learned should have a purpose-driven real world application tied into it. Sure, depending on the specifics that could mean less classroom time as well, but that isn't a necessary result of the idea, just a possible one.
verst 7y ago
In a way modern coding bootcamps that offer internship placements appear similar to me to the German-style vocational schooling (apprenticeships + classes). I have a CS degree, but I find bootcamp graduates to have more practical knowledge for many positions right upon graduation. At least this is true speaking from my personal experience and what I have observed. Most jobs in the US don't truly require a university degree (the knowledge isn't actually required) and I'd argue that most "coding jobs" (deliberate choice of words) don't either.
- mothsonasloth 7y ago
  Yes but the problem is with the bootcamps I have dealt with in the UK, is that they are in a "bums on seats" philosophy. They charge crazy money for a 3 month bootcamp, then say people are qualified to work as a software engineer. They then turn up at a company and are lacking in various areas. Graduates are not very useful at the star, however they have a foundation and a good percentage have done an internship. So there's more to work with. There needs to be standards implemented and companies need to get together to say "we expect x,y and z from boot camp graduates" Otherwise, I could go an setup a bootcamp tomorrow and take peoples cash and just make them watch youtube videos of react.js "Its not my problem if you don't get it"
pm90 7y ago
There are a bunch of comments which are conflating the lack of apprenticeships with the general recommendation of college as a basic requirement for young people, which doesn't make sense. You can do both: this is how doctors learn today: 4 year college followed by Residency of some sort. The same model could be replicated for other fields if they so demanded. An equally plausible theory is that the American economy has moved away from primary, low-tech factory jobs to high-tech ones that require a more educated workforce, and the Education sector has responded to that demand. The other somewhat unrelated factor has been the explosion of student loan debt which exploited that demand for education for its own ends. I would also speculate that having the experience of college and mixing and meeting with people from all over the country is a benefit that is often overlooked today; Americans that don't experience that lose out on an opportunity to meet and know people that they never would have otherwise.
jonahbenton 7y ago
IMHO this is true in a deep way, even more so for little kids than big people. From infancy children want to "do-with" and as every parent knows "telling-how" or "telling-to" works only in the most rare of circumstances, with only the most mature of kids. But a kid who has learned via "do-with" then graduates to "do-myself" and then to "i-did-it-myself" the autonomous feeling from which is the greatest. Then groups can learn "we-did-ourselves" etc. With big people of course the "apprenticeship beats classrooms" manifests in so many ways- everyone who "learns more in 4 months of work than in 4 years of school" is familiar with this. I love (public) schools and academia and think on the whole they are treasured institutions, but there is a degree to which their presence and mode of operation leads to deprioritization of "doing-with", and this is very unfortunate.
- todd8 7y ago
  I’ve always worked in very technical fields so I feel that my university education was always essential to my ability to do the job. Engineers, computer scientists, and mathematicians are usually expected to know more than what 4 months of experience on the job would provide.
  - nift 7y ago
    I can relate and agree with this sentiment. Sure, not everything is applicable but the solid foundation goes a very long way. I also see others fail at some tasks because they are not able to understand the foundations. Not saying it would be solved by going to university, but it might have helped to study it without tight deadlines and in a world where nobody has time to wait
  - ernst_klim 7y ago
    Why do you think apprenticeship doesn't give profound education? The idea of apprenticeship is that you are learning directly from the master, who defines the curriculum. It starts with the theory which the field requires, you just do real work instead of artificial test cases to foster the knowledge.
  - alchemism 7y ago
amursft 7y ago
It's crazy to me that modern adult life is nothing like a traditional classroom format, and yet we spend 18 years preparing our kids for it by having them sit in a room and get talked at. Sure, there other kinds of activities but lecturing takes up such a huge chunk of the time spent in the educational system for most people. Alternatives or complements like apprenticeship that can teach in a different way are really interesting and exciting to me.
- atlasunshrugged 7y ago
  I don't know, I've been in plenty of meetings where the best action for my career was sitting still and shutting up for a few hours while someone talked. Kidding aside, I totally agree that it's quite silly. I hated school when I was in it but as soon as I left I couldn't stop learning - there are so many opportunities for knowledge online now (and in real life too) with MOOCs, Youtube lectures, free software tools to play with, etc.
- beached_whale 7y ago
  There has been a push, especially in the early years, for discovery based learning where I am. So problem solving with teachers there for guidance.
- joe_the_user 7y ago
  A lot of adult work are fairly similar to the classroom in the sense that you're sitting at a desk doing stuff, usually with computers, usually shleping information around. It would be nice if both had less of this quality. But still, a lot of education is a bureaucracy teaching people to be bureaucrats. If we are to have a bureaucracy, traditional schooling is certainly a training ground for that.
- lilgreenland 7y ago
  I'm a physics and computer science high school teacher, I think lecture takes up about 5-10% of my classes. This is not unusual in high school. (I'm in Los Angeles) On the other hand, when I was a student in college it was about 95% lectures.
6510 7y ago
Imagine what happens if you bring the baby to the bakery and have him or her grow up there. Everything would become overly obvious. Lets also imagine how answering questions improves your skill further. The baby will have you rethink everything, your very essence, to eventually rebel against your methods, your very being :)
kls 7y ago
I think the diagrams of the pyramid vs the puzzle was a good one and reflect how I learn, I personally don't get concepts until I have touched them. I was never really good at taking a concept from a book and visualizing it. This is why I excelled at Chemistry, Computers and real world Physics but never really excelled at basic math (to this day I convert fractions to decimals because my mind does not think it fractions). Anyways what I came her to say is once I get the basic concept from hands on labs, then it is very easy for me to get the math, because I can visualize what the math is doing. I seem to only learn from real world application and by doing it. So I think there is value in learning the how, and then layering the theory on after that fact. It seems to stick for me. Then again we all learn differently. I personally learned Geometry and Trig from carpentry and 3d modeling. I learned algebra and statistics from building and modifying internal combustion engines. I learned business math from building accounting systems. All of these I learned after hand on apprenticeship and it made it very easy for me to grasp and retain the mathematical concepts. I have joked before about starting the "Boys School for the Mechanically Inclined" to teach boys that learn like I do. I was fortunate and driven enough to understand my learning disabilities, but I see bright boys flounder and can see it's due to the way they are being taught. It really is a shame.

229 points by BerislavLopac 7y ago

Feels a little like some assumptions are being made in the comments here. Apprenticeships are still a thing in the US. Example: https://does.dc.gov/service/apprenticeships https://does.dc.gov/service/apprenticeships I have a friend who is in this program now to become an electrician. She has been working, for pay, on active construction sites for over a year, after completing introductory training/classroom work. Accepting an apprentice means taking a preliminary dip in your own productivity, until such time as the apprentice can contribute a net gain to your unit. Someone has to take the brunt of that-- with electricians, for example, the introductory training helps them not to kill themselves. Many subjects combine an academic component with an apprenticeship component. Physicians spend a lot of time in clinics as med students before they become full-fledged doctors. Teachers have to student-teach prior to becoming full-fledged teachers. Cosmetology, hair styling, auto mechanics, the list goes on. All of these professions combine some academic study of principles with intense, prolonged hands-on training. In the US if you look at the regulations for unpaid interns, the employing organization must provide experiences equivalent to the amount of learning the intern would recieve in a college course. There's some idea of treating unpaid interns as unskilled labor, but that as far as I know is against the intent of the "unpaid intern" concept and is, technically, illegal.

tastroder 7y ago

"We might not bring back apprenticeships, but by bringing back the features that work, we can all hopefully learn a bit better." The piece seems to ignore that apprenticeships are still a thing in quite a few countries around the world. Here in Germany they developed since the medieval times this piece seems to find so great, and usually include stretches of classroom attendance to get the theory across because you just cannot learn everything by doing in such a setting, I would guess that's even more true today where even trade companies are quite often relatively specialized.

vturner 7y ago
In the states, the authors model is absolutely true. Pick up a high school algebra text and it's a more colorful with some meager attempts at explanation version of a Springer book. American education,at least what I have seen, is devoid of applications. To be fair to educators, we do have a cultural issue here in that for manyadolescence is a time spent learning a lot about fads, entertainers, and gossip. It is hard to motivate anyone to learn when there's no external motivation.
- Merrill 7y ago
  Motivation is key. The successful apprentice is one who is motivated to learn from the master. The only problem with the classroom method is that it is often demotivating for the students. With all the online information available, autodidacts have a great opportunity.
  - gmueckl 7y ago
    Autodidactic learning is not always ideal: you may miss some fundamentals of the trade that may be important when you're are setting the curriculum yourself. In some trades, this can potentially endanger people. The other thing autodidacts usually don't get is the unwritten oral part of apprentice training that is passed on informally and often even implicitly.
    - AmericanChopper 7y ago
      You could make similar vague criticisms about academically trained people though. They may enter the work force with little practical skills, their academic sensibilities may interfere with pragmatic decision making... That’s no more of a strawman than your comment. Personally every time I’ve taught myself something, I’ve started with the fundamentals. I taught myself databases from the ground up. I started with learning query optimizers, data normalization and MVCC. I think your criticism is much more dependent on the individual than it is how they were trained.

keiferski 7y ago

The intermingling of economic-focused and academic-focused educational systems is the core cause of this issue. Universities used to be for scholars, whereas apprenticeships were for tradespeople. Over the past century, universities have essentially replaced the role of trade school/master and thus you get the intellectual abstraction process applied to professions which have very little use for it. There are very worthwhile areas of knowledge which have no economic value in the current system. Ergo the apprenticeship model makes no sense for a field like literature or philosophy. They belong in the academy, not the workshop.

headsoup 7y ago
Not sure even that entirely holds. A philosophy mentor that can follow your interests and provide/recommend short courses may be as beneficial as a college degree... Except the providers of work focus quite a lot on those fancy certificates.
analog31 7y ago
Oddly enough, one college major is well known to have limited economic value: Music. Yet music education follows the apprenticeship model. Individual lessons, practice, ensembles, and performances, are central to the education of music performance majors.
- zozbot234 7y ago
  Composition and improvisation (where relevant - mostly surviving today in performance on the organ, and almost totally dead in other instruments) are also taught the same way. Somewhat surprising perhaps, since there's actually quite a bit of intellectual engagement with these topics, too - but a heavily practical attitude has long been recognized as yielding the best results.
  - analog31 7y ago
    I'm a jazz musician, but learned improvisation on the bandstand. It was certainly "learning the hard way," and I'm not sure I recommend it. I think one reason for needing practice is that in either of those areas, you're going to suck for a long time before you get good at it. Maybe this is true of writing too. The academic environment is a place where you can get that kind of practice.

duxup 7y ago

I wonder what the difference is between a classroom with a single teacher tasked with educating a room of people who might not be interested...and apprentice with one person who likely is interested. To me it seems that of course that an apprenticeship works better for that task....but also not a fair comparison considering the classroom goals and structure for all sorts of reasons. I also wonder about how well apprenticeships put forth new ideas or ways of doing things.

vezycash 7y ago
> classroom with a single teacher tasked with educating a room of people who might not be interested...and apprentice with one person who likely is interested In my experience, the "should be apprentice" in a class is the one ends up being frustrated by the class environment because they care. I see classes like commercial farms - everyone gets the same amount of water, nutrients, sunlight... An apprentice's master is like an expert gardener who notice when one plant needs less sunlight and provides shade. And provides calcium when one plant needs it. That's why small time farmers are usually the ones who create freakishly big tomatoes, carrots, pumpkins... These freakish farm produces created through painstaking personalized education would be called geniuses if they were humans. In small classes, students often get this personalized treatment. But majority of classes aren't small.
- duxup 7y ago
  I think that's accurate, but really illustrates my point that this is a more apples to oranges type comparison. Classrooms (at least thinking of a US style education) are for the masses. Apprenticeships are for the handful of folks who really care ... that's not many people and in so many ways really isn't for everyone.
gus_massa 7y ago
One big difference is that a classroom has 30 or 50 or 100 students, and an in apprenticeship environment you can have probably up to 5 students. The classroom is much cheaper. Another difference is that in an apprenticeship you can "fire" the students. In a classroom there is a big pressure to keep the students there.

sigsergv 7y ago

The author is messing up with two very different topics: (kind of fundamental) education in classrooms (that existed 500 years ago too) and practical craftmanship, that exists now in a broad range of professions including software engineering. So the text looks like a preparation of strawman.

dkmn 7y ago
That is an interesting point (framing as a strawman). Something was bugging me in the article, though I think I agree with many of the points made, and your comment recalled it to mind. Both fundamental and practical education matter in most realms. Practical example: medicine (modern allopathic "western" medicine, i.e. the job of a physician, something I know and can comment about relative to both basic science and software). The author implies that time is "wasted" in basic science, when students could simply be more involved with patients. Leaving the value of patient contact aside (most schools do involve students early these days to provide context and motivation), one of the whole points is to provide a multi-level framework for better incorporating later knowledge. This allows a person to adjudicate new findings and therapies, guide their patient and practice, figure out novel situations of atypical presentations (often due to overlapping processes or red herrings). Anyhow, I'm sure others can think of similar examples in fields they know. Also, perhaps one of the western European folks here can comment, but I seem to recall that trade apprentices in, say, Germany, generally still have a pretty decent core knowledge of math, language, etc from school. I.e. pretty comparable to an "academic track" US high school student, excepting AP courses. True?
- hocuspocus 7y ago
  > Also, perhaps one of the western European folks here can comment, but I seem to recall that trade apprentices in, say, Germany, generally still have a pretty decent core knowledge of math, language, etc from school. I.e. pretty comparable to an "academic track" US high school student, excepting AP courses. True? I'm not sure about Germany, but in Switzerland, "school" is mandatory until the end of middle-school. After that it can really be anything between zero classes, 100% on-the-job apprenticeship and general, academic track high-school. Selection is mostly done by grades, since they're a good indicator whether school/classes/lectures work for a student or not. Most people go to trade schools and will indeed attend core math, language, geography/history classes. But the amount and depth of these classes aren't close to general high-school. They cover maybe 50-60% of the material. And then you'll have people in dual school/on-the-job training, where core classes are really reduced to the bare minimum. Note that all tracks offer bridges to tertiary education, at vocational universities or even sometimes proper universities, so that you aren't stuck forever if you didn't take education seriously as a teenager.

chrisseaton 7y ago

I think the best example of a middle-class modern apprenticeship that people will be able to relate to here is the PhD. It’s an apprenticeship in research where you’re paired with someone who has mastered the craft and passes it on 1-1 to you by helping you do practical work (actual research with research outputs) outside of the classroom.

btrettel 7y ago
I think ideally a PhD is an apprenticeship. Practice in my experience is unfortunately not like an apprenticeship, instead it's a low paid job that can be quite abusive. Plus many of the things you "learn" aren't good for research in my view, e.g., I think "publish or perish" causes many researchers to avoid projects with the largest impacts. This is treated as "smart" but I strongly disagree.
- ip26 7y ago
  Can the same thing not happen to real apprenticeships?
  - kitsune_ 7y ago
    The same most definitely happens with real apprenticeships. In countries like Switzerland, apprenticeships start after the 9th school year and take around 3 to 4 years. During the apprenticeship, the apprentices still have to visit school and write tests. This is a common point of conflict. Let's imagine you are a 17 year old who wants to become a cook and your boss makes you clean the kitchen until 2am and the next day you have a test on algebra at 7:15am. There are laws against this kind of stuff but enforcement is really spotty.
- telchar 7y ago
  That's what makes PhD work a good example I think, because a low-paid job that can be quite abusive describes apprenticeship very well. It's Inherently reflective of the quality of the master. If the master is an abusive drunk, the apprentice is going to have a bad time. Also the apprentices historically had to do much grunt work like (in blacksmithing, to choose a profession) churning out nails. Produce or perish. I think there are advantages to bringing back parts of apprenticeship, but it is not a system without flaws or weaknesses.

cameronbrown 7y ago

I'm doing an apprenticeship at a FAANG company; it's been an amazing experience so far. I feel like I've learned a hell of a lot more about software engineering from a few code reviews than sitting in lectures and reading textbooks (which don't work as well for me). The value in university seems to be the brand, the networking opportunities and the environment, not the education.

astura 7y ago
This is a common thing to say because it's "cool" now but I don't think it's even a little bit true at all. The value of my University was almost entirely the education, I learned a massive amount and did crap tons of homework and projects (not just lectures and books). I was completely and entirely prepared for a good job in software development. I never even wrote "Hello World" before college. I have a family member who signed up for an apprenticeship, but the waiting list was many years long. He was told that he could get higher on the list (or maybe skip the list entirely, can't recall exactly) by getting an associates degree. So he went to a community college to get the associates degree. Once he got the associates degree, however, he no longer needed the internship and went right into the workforce. I never asked him directly how much he makes, but I suspect it's more than I do because he's in a specialist field.
- Zarath 7y ago
  I agree, I don't know where these people went to school, but maybe they are just in bad CS programs.
duxup 7y ago
>the networking opportunities That really only applies to some universities.
rolltiide 7y ago
The value of my university was the interdisciplinary parts, forcing me to get exposed to things I would have ignored. I think the application of computer science aficionados to ethics, biology, sound production or many other electives increases the mindshare and cross drift Most of this is irrelevant to the private sector at static point in time. So the sheet of paper saying I went there and the brand is all icing on the cake. No, it isn't a necessary credential to contribute to companies needing to build things with code. That was not always clear and may not be clear in the future.

onei 7y ago

The company I work for is about to take 2 software engineering apprentices for the first time. As far as I can tell, we're not equipped for teaching any theory and as CompSci for under 18s is fairly uncommon in the UK, it's unlikely they're going to have a solid grounding beforehand. Does anyone have experience on what kind of environment and investment of people is required to make a good apprenticeship for this field? Everyone at the company did a CompSci or similar degree, but I feel that apprenticeships are a fundamentally different model.

ssivark 7y ago
Suggestion: Could the company/apprentices blog about the experience? (Without necessary getting too personal). It would be a great way to share with the community and good fodder for a discussion and the following round of apprenticeship experiments :-)
- onei 7y ago
  We're not big bloggers if I'm honest. Everything we do is closed source, corporate and targeted at enterprise. Maybe it'd be nice to do, but it's just not the culture we have in the office.
BiteCode_dev 7y ago
The ideal situation is to pair each apprentice with an experienced dev, with a fixed time allocated every day to help them. Yes, it's costly. Yes, the experienced dev needs to be ok with it. Then you find small tasks you know people can google their way around and that you know won't lead to a disaster if they are done badly or if something break. Then you increment. Apprentices are very slow and very demanding at the beginning. Once they are productive though, they have the best cost/benefit ratio of your company, provided you did the first steps well. Source: been an apprentice for 5 years, and all my classmates were.
- headsoup 7y ago
  I dare guess you have greater company loyalty and knowledge of the business than other hired 'experienced' devs that have joined along the way?

naveen99 7y ago

Some sports leagues draft kids out of high school. What if companies starting offering 4 year apprenticeships out of high school to the most promising students ? How much should they pay these 18 year olds for those 4 years ? Would the colleges lobby the government to ban apprenticeships ?

dec0dedab0de 7y ago
Even if they didnt pay them they would be way ahead of where they would be with a standard student loan. The downside is that they'll only learn skills that are valuable for that specific company. I think this is the best argument for a tech union. A way to learn with real world experience, while not being bound to a single company.
- JanSt 7y ago
  The german apprenticeship system requires a standardized test and you have to go to school 2-3 days per week.
- lotsofpulp 7y ago
  >The downside is that they'll only learn skills that are valuable for that specific company. In my experience, university did not provide any skills valuable for any company, other than being useful for networking and a little bit of politics if you're involved with organizations in the university. The big value, at least for 18-22 year olds, is from proving that they have the discipline to put in the work to get into a selective school and/or achieve high grades in difficult subjects. As an employer, my main concern when hiring someone is if they are capable, and if they are disciplined enough to apply themselves. If those two are true for a 22 year old, then there is a good chance they can be useful regardless of their specific education.
  - DaiPlusPlus 7y ago
    Anecdotes aren’t data - but even though I knew how to code long before my university CS course - having to do a CS undergrad is the only way most people will learn the boring-but-essential - or hard-to-learn parts of CS or SE. For example - I built commercially successful (by my standards) software while in high-school that used O(n^2) algorithms (!!) - who is is fine for small applications - but the difference between someone “who can code” and “someone who can code well” is typically a BSc and an understanding of how to make things that can scale. We’re all familiar with the trope of the medium-sized business exec who scoffs at the invoice of an SWE consultant arguing “my 12-yo nephew could have built that!” - and they’re not superficially wrong - but their 12yo nephew couldn’t build something that scales to millions of users and petabytes of data. I’ve found a quick-and-dirty way of identifying the unwarranted self-confident types is to ask them how they’d quickly put together a CSV parser - if they give an answer involving `String.Split` you can tell they don’t have a degree.

whiddershins 7y ago

As I’ve pointed out in other threads, I used to mentor people in audio engineering, this is now legally very risky as I am immediately vulnerable to a wide swath of labor regulations in NYC. Not really worth it anymore. Meanwhile it is commonly known to be true in many industries that someone is mostly useless, work productivity wise, when they graduate college. It takes years for them to “know anything.” I’m not sure what the solution is, but obviously apprenticeships are a huge missing piece.

headsoup 7y ago
Yep theory vs application. You learn on the workplace (if you're competent) what is and isn't worth knowing pretty quickly, rather than after 3-5 years
jayd16 7y ago
Do you still hire college grads or just anyone? Sure the grads don't have any experience but it's better than anyone off the street that knows less than nothing.

acomjean 7y ago

I work in software supporting a field I knew little about (genetics). After 6 months of coding up tools, going to talks and kinda getting the gist, I started taking a couple classes. It really helped my fill in some gaps in my background knowledge and I’d wished I’d done so sooner. So I think both learning methods have their place.

chongli 7y ago

If we’re talking about all areas of study, not only traditional trades, then what is an apprenticeship, really? Is it not merely an education with very low student-teacher ratio? If that is the case, then of course it would beat the classroom. It also won’t scale, hence classrooms. This article does a pretty good job of supporting the advantages of apprenticeship. It does not, however, provide any support for the self-directed pseudo-apprenticeship that it advocates. I have little reason to believe that this model will work for anyone who wasn’t already a capable autodidact. Apprenticeship without the master are not apprenticeship at all.

ken 7y ago
> what is an apprenticeship, really? Is it not merely an education with very low student-teacher ratio? No. There are legal requirements for it [1]. In particular, it is a job. Even if you taught algebra one-on-one to students, that would not be an apprenticeship, because the teacher isn’t a worker using algebra for their job, and the student isn’t earning $15 an hour to learn how algebra is used in that profession. [1]: https://www.dol.gov/apprenticeship/toolkit/toolkitfaq.htm#1b https://www.dol.gov/apprenticeship/toolkit/toolkitfaq.htm#1b
- chongli 7y ago
  Yeah, so the original article doesn't make any sense as an approach for society. Parents want their kids to learn algebra in the hope that they might get into an engineering program. Apprenticeships don't enter into the picture at all. Imagine a mathematics professor trying to apprentice a teenager. It wouldn't work, since the knowledge gap between a high school grad and a working mathematician is huge. The kid wouldn't have anything useful to contribute for a very long time. Perhaps this is why we only see apprenticeships in trades and the like. Those jobs don't require a huge base of knowledge just to be able to understand what's going on.
  - jacobolus 7y ago
    > Imagine a mathematics professor trying to apprentice a teenager. It wouldn't work, [...] Not quite a high school student, but cf. https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-path-less-taken-to-the-peak-of-the-math-world-20170627/ https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-path-less-taken-to-the-peak...

ineedasername 7y ago

Despite the title, the author isn't really saying there should be less classroom learning, only that whatever material is being learned should have a purpose-driven real world application tied into it. Sure, depending on the specifics that could mean less classroom time as well, but that isn't a necessary result of the idea, just a possible one.

verst 7y ago

In a way modern coding bootcamps that offer internship placements appear similar to me to the German-style vocational schooling (apprenticeships + classes). I have a CS degree, but I find bootcamp graduates to have more practical knowledge for many positions right upon graduation. At least this is true speaking from my personal experience and what I have observed. Most jobs in the US don't truly require a university degree (the knowledge isn't actually required) and I'd argue that most "coding jobs" (deliberate choice of words) don't either.

mothsonasloth 7y ago
Yes but the problem is with the bootcamps I have dealt with in the UK, is that they are in a "bums on seats" philosophy. They charge crazy money for a 3 month bootcamp, then say people are qualified to work as a software engineer. They then turn up at a company and are lacking in various areas. Graduates are not very useful at the star, however they have a foundation and a good percentage have done an internship. So there's more to work with. There needs to be standards implemented and companies need to get together to say "we expect x,y and z from boot camp graduates" Otherwise, I could go an setup a bootcamp tomorrow and take peoples cash and just make them watch youtube videos of react.js "Its not my problem if you don't get it"

pm90 7y ago

There are a bunch of comments which are conflating the lack of apprenticeships with the general recommendation of college as a basic requirement for young people, which doesn't make sense. You can do both: this is how doctors learn today: 4 year college followed by Residency of some sort. The same model could be replicated for other fields if they so demanded. An equally plausible theory is that the American economy has moved away from primary, low-tech factory jobs to high-tech ones that require a more educated workforce, and the Education sector has responded to that demand. The other somewhat unrelated factor has been the explosion of student loan debt which exploited that demand for education for its own ends. I would also speculate that having the experience of college and mixing and meeting with people from all over the country is a benefit that is often overlooked today; Americans that don't experience that lose out on an opportunity to meet and know people that they never would have otherwise.

jonahbenton 7y ago

IMHO this is true in a deep way, even more so for little kids than big people. From infancy children want to "do-with" and as every parent knows "telling-how" or "telling-to" works only in the most rare of circumstances, with only the most mature of kids. But a kid who has learned via "do-with" then graduates to "do-myself" and then to "i-did-it-myself" the autonomous feeling from which is the greatest. Then groups can learn "we-did-ourselves" etc. With big people of course the "apprenticeship beats classrooms" manifests in so many ways- everyone who "learns more in 4 months of work than in 4 years of school" is familiar with this. I love (public) schools and academia and think on the whole they are treasured institutions, but there is a degree to which their presence and mode of operation leads to deprioritization of "doing-with", and this is very unfortunate.

todd8 7y ago
I’ve always worked in very technical fields so I feel that my university education was always essential to my ability to do the job. Engineers, computer scientists, and mathematicians are usually expected to know more than what 4 months of experience on the job would provide.
- nift 7y ago
  I can relate and agree with this sentiment. Sure, not everything is applicable but the solid foundation goes a very long way. I also see others fail at some tasks because they are not able to understand the foundations. Not saying it would be solved by going to university, but it might have helped to study it without tight deadlines and in a world where nobody has time to wait
- ernst_klim 7y ago
  Why do you think apprenticeship doesn't give profound education? The idea of apprenticeship is that you are learning directly from the master, who defines the curriculum. It starts with the theory which the field requires, you just do real work instead of artificial test cases to foster the knowledge.
- alchemism 7y ago

amursft 7y ago

It's crazy to me that modern adult life is nothing like a traditional classroom format, and yet we spend 18 years preparing our kids for it by having them sit in a room and get talked at. Sure, there other kinds of activities but lecturing takes up such a huge chunk of the time spent in the educational system for most people. Alternatives or complements like apprenticeship that can teach in a different way are really interesting and exciting to me.

atlasunshrugged 7y ago
I don't know, I've been in plenty of meetings where the best action for my career was sitting still and shutting up for a few hours while someone talked. Kidding aside, I totally agree that it's quite silly. I hated school when I was in it but as soon as I left I couldn't stop learning - there are so many opportunities for knowledge online now (and in real life too) with MOOCs, Youtube lectures, free software tools to play with, etc.
beached_whale 7y ago
There has been a push, especially in the early years, for discovery based learning where I am. So problem solving with teachers there for guidance.
joe_the_user 7y ago
A lot of adult work are fairly similar to the classroom in the sense that you're sitting at a desk doing stuff, usually with computers, usually shleping information around. It would be nice if both had less of this quality. But still, a lot of education is a bureaucracy teaching people to be bureaucrats. If we are to have a bureaucracy, traditional schooling is certainly a training ground for that.
lilgreenland 7y ago
I'm a physics and computer science high school teacher, I think lecture takes up about 5-10% of my classes. This is not unusual in high school. (I'm in Los Angeles) On the other hand, when I was a student in college it was about 95% lectures.

6510 7y ago

Imagine what happens if you bring the baby to the bakery and have him or her grow up there. Everything would become overly obvious. Lets also imagine how answering questions improves your skill further. The baby will have you rethink everything, your very essence, to eventually rebel against your methods, your very being :)

kls 7y ago

I think the diagrams of the pyramid vs the puzzle was a good one and reflect how I learn, I personally don't get concepts until I have touched them. I was never really good at taking a concept from a book and visualizing it. This is why I excelled at Chemistry, Computers and real world Physics but never really excelled at basic math (to this day I convert fractions to decimals because my mind does not think it fractions). Anyways what I came her to say is once I get the basic concept from hands on labs, then it is very easy for me to get the math, because I can visualize what the math is doing. I seem to only learn from real world application and by doing it. So I think there is value in learning the how, and then layering the theory on after that fact. It seems to stick for me. Then again we all learn differently. I personally learned Geometry and Trig from carpentry and 3d modeling. I learned algebra and statistics from building and modifying internal combustion engines. I learned business math from building accounting systems. All of these I learned after hand on apprenticeship and it made it very easy for me to grasp and retain the mathematical concepts. I have joked before about starting the "Boys School for the Mechanically Inclined" to teach boys that learn like I do. I was fortunate and driven enough to understand my learning disabilities, but I see bright boys flounder and can see it's due to the way they are being taught. It really is a shame.