5 ms·

The author's implied premise that a smile is a universal form of emotional expression vs a cultural adaptation was presented in the Darwin paper he cited: "The

The author's implied premise that a smile is a universal form of emotional expression vs a cultural adaptation was presented in the Darwin paper he cited: "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals". Interestingly, a 2012 paper tested this hypothesis: "In sum, our data directly show that across cultures, emotions are expressed using culture-specific facial signals. Although some basic facial expressions such as fear and disgust (2) originally served as an adaptive function when humans “existed in a much lower and animal-like condition” (ref. 1, p. 19), facial expression signals have since evolved and diversified to serve the primary role of emotion communication during social interaction. As a result, these once biologically hardwired and universal signals have been molded by the diverse social ideologies and practices of the cultural groups who use them for social communication." "Facial expressions of emotion are not culturally universal", http://www.pnas.org/content/109/19/7241 http://www.pnas.org/content/109/19/7241

ardit33 9y ago
Alas, the ability to smile is something that is innate, and some babies do smile right after birth. (rare, but it happens), but it is not necessary tied to emotional content. "Neonatal smiling occurs from birth to one month of age and shows no emotional content. Smiles are spontaneous and often occur while the baby is drowsy or during REM stages of sleep. Baby smiles are subcortical in origin and will actually decrease with maturity (so premature babies smile more than full-term babies)." Also there is proof that babies seems to be able to smile even though they are uborn/ still in the womb, which means the ability to smile is a universal human trait that is culture independent. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-196020/Babies-smile-womb.html http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-196020/Babies-smil...
- m_mueller 9y ago
  Ours did it right after birth - I know one shouldn‘t prescribe meaning to it but it‘s really quite something seeing it. I got photos but I guess I shouldn‘t upload publicly.
- skywhopper 9y ago
  The ability to smile is not necessarily connected to the meaning of a smile, though. The article seems to assume a connection between smiling and happiness that isn't necessarily supported. (A good explanation of such a connection would need to contrast it to other aspects of communication which we don't question the cultural basis for.)
  - ardit33 9y ago
    What you saying is one side of speculation/explanation. The article particularly mentions that when babies are in the womb, they feel content and that's what the smiling is, but we don't know if it is for sure. (i.e. it can be just a reflex, or actual display of being "content"). Smiling, however, cannot be interpreted as preparation for birth but may be a reflex, Prof Campbell said. He added: "What's behind the smile, of course, I can't say, but the corners turn up and the cheeks bulge ... I think it must be some indication of contentment in a stress-free environment." in any way, so socialization is a big part of it. We know most humans are born with the ability of speech, but if they are not taught/socialized at early age, then they will never be able to speak later (apart from uttering primitive sounds), but they still can utter sounds. It could be the same with smiling. All humans are born with the ability of a 'primitive smile' which can be further developed and refined socially, but ability is innate. The studies that mention that all smiling is socialized is yet another wave of bunk science that tries to attribute "socializing" and indoctrination to every human behavior, where there are clear indication that it is not true. http://www.doctortipster.com/6920-smiling-is-an-inherited-behavior-that-begins-in-the-womb.html http://www.doctortipster.com/6920-smiling-is-an-inherited-be...
  - seanmcdirmid 9y ago
    > The ability to smile is not necessarily connected to the meaning of a smile, though. Pediatricians call it a "social smile", and it is an important milestone in newborn development. See https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/babys-first-social-smile https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/babys-first-social-smil.... Evolutionary, I think the intention is to bring parents further under the baby's spell, since otherwise they might give up because taking care of a baby is a lot of work!
- taneq 9y ago
  Babies 'smiling' can also indicate gas.
  - ars 9y ago
    That is an old wives tale. It's not actually true. But people love repeating it because it sounds funny.
    - taneq 9y ago
      Interesting, I'll have to look into this. A quick search was inconclusive but showed a split between "sciency" sources (saying no relation between infant smiles and gas) and "parenty" sources saying it's gas. Thanks!
      - hexane360 9y ago
        That actually sounds pretty conclusive to me.
        taneq 9y ago
        I meant 'inconclusive' as in "in 2 minutes of searching I found a couple of papers whose abstracts said no causation between gas and smiling, and about four of five 'mummy-type' sites that asserted the correlation." To me that points to 'no causation' being the likely case but I'm not going to just declare it as proven on the basis of the first two papers I turned up.
    - jjeaff 9y ago
      For some babies it's definitely true. Ours makes a very cute open mouth smile when she is trying to push gas (or poop) out. You don't need a scientific study to tell you that a big smile while grunting, followed by a big fart or dirty diaper several times a day makes the smile a sign.
superkuh 9y ago
That paper refutes very little by using adult humans. Some facial expressions are universal among human cultures and even among primates, and yes, even among mammals. Liking and disliking facial reactions to sweet or bitter water are universal among mammals. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a511/cb9d06d0f77132cad2ba5f818e0e81989edb.pdf https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a511/cb9d06d0f77132cad2ba5f... And relevant to the topic of this post and the original article, human babies will in fact smile when given sweet tastes right after birth.
Camillo 9y ago
> Briefly stated, the universality hypothesis claims that all humans communicate six basic internal emotional states (happy, surprise, fear, disgust, anger, and sad) [...] What the fuck. It's either "happiness, surprise, fear, disgust, anger, and sadness" or "happy, surprised, afraid, disgusted, angry, and sad". I can't help but feel that there is something very wrong with a mind that would mix up the pattern like they did. It's very difficult for me to take the paper seriously after this. I would forgive it if all the authors were Chinese, but most of the names are western enough.
- jjeaff 9y ago
  It's difficult for me to take your comment and criticism seriously with a leading phrase like "what the fuck" in regards to a grammatical error.
kirykl 9y ago
That papers use of modeled faces makes me skeptical. The data proves their conclusion but they also made the facial models and didn’t use real faces experiencing emotions

ardit33 9y ago

Alas, the ability to smile is something that is innate, and some babies do smile right after birth. (rare, but it happens), but it is not necessary tied to emotional content. "Neonatal smiling occurs from birth to one month of age and shows no emotional content. Smiles are spontaneous and often occur while the baby is drowsy or during REM stages of sleep. Baby smiles are subcortical in origin and will actually decrease with maturity (so premature babies smile more than full-term babies)." Also there is proof that babies seems to be able to smile even though they are uborn/ still in the womb, which means the ability to smile is a universal human trait that is culture independent. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-196020/Babies-smile-womb.html http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-196020/Babies-smil...

m_mueller 9y ago
Ours did it right after birth - I know one shouldn‘t prescribe meaning to it but it‘s really quite something seeing it. I got photos but I guess I shouldn‘t upload publicly.
skywhopper 9y ago
The ability to smile is not necessarily connected to the meaning of a smile, though. The article seems to assume a connection between smiling and happiness that isn't necessarily supported. (A good explanation of such a connection would need to contrast it to other aspects of communication which we don't question the cultural basis for.)
- ardit33 9y ago
  What you saying is one side of speculation/explanation. The article particularly mentions that when babies are in the womb, they feel content and that's what the smiling is, but we don't know if it is for sure. (i.e. it can be just a reflex, or actual display of being "content"). Smiling, however, cannot be interpreted as preparation for birth but may be a reflex, Prof Campbell said. He added: "What's behind the smile, of course, I can't say, but the corners turn up and the cheeks bulge ... I think it must be some indication of contentment in a stress-free environment." in any way, so socialization is a big part of it. We know most humans are born with the ability of speech, but if they are not taught/socialized at early age, then they will never be able to speak later (apart from uttering primitive sounds), but they still can utter sounds. It could be the same with smiling. All humans are born with the ability of a 'primitive smile' which can be further developed and refined socially, but ability is innate. The studies that mention that all smiling is socialized is yet another wave of bunk science that tries to attribute "socializing" and indoctrination to every human behavior, where there are clear indication that it is not true. http://www.doctortipster.com/6920-smiling-is-an-inherited-behavior-that-begins-in-the-womb.html http://www.doctortipster.com/6920-smiling-is-an-inherited-be...
- seanmcdirmid 9y ago
  > The ability to smile is not necessarily connected to the meaning of a smile, though. Pediatricians call it a "social smile", and it is an important milestone in newborn development. See https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/babys-first-social-smile https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/babys-first-social-smil.... Evolutionary, I think the intention is to bring parents further under the baby's spell, since otherwise they might give up because taking care of a baby is a lot of work!
taneq 9y ago
Babies 'smiling' can also indicate gas.
- ars 9y ago
  That is an old wives tale. It's not actually true. But people love repeating it because it sounds funny.
  - taneq 9y ago
    Interesting, I'll have to look into this. A quick search was inconclusive but showed a split between "sciency" sources (saying no relation between infant smiles and gas) and "parenty" sources saying it's gas. Thanks!
    - hexane360 9y ago
      That actually sounds pretty conclusive to me.
      - taneq 9y ago
        I meant 'inconclusive' as in "in 2 minutes of searching I found a couple of papers whose abstracts said no causation between gas and smiling, and about four of five 'mummy-type' sites that asserted the correlation." To me that points to 'no causation' being the likely case but I'm not going to just declare it as proven on the basis of the first two papers I turned up.
  - jjeaff 9y ago
    For some babies it's definitely true. Ours makes a very cute open mouth smile when she is trying to push gas (or poop) out. You don't need a scientific study to tell you that a big smile while grunting, followed by a big fart or dirty diaper several times a day makes the smile a sign.

superkuh 9y ago

That paper refutes very little by using adult humans. Some facial expressions are universal among human cultures and even among primates, and yes, even among mammals. Liking and disliking facial reactions to sweet or bitter water are universal among mammals. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a511/cb9d06d0f77132cad2ba5f818e0e81989edb.pdf https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a511/cb9d06d0f77132cad2ba5f... And relevant to the topic of this post and the original article, human babies will in fact smile when given sweet tastes right after birth.

Camillo 9y ago

> Briefly stated, the universality hypothesis claims that all humans communicate six basic internal emotional states (happy, surprise, fear, disgust, anger, and sad) [...] What the fuck. It's either "happiness, surprise, fear, disgust, anger, and sadness" or "happy, surprised, afraid, disgusted, angry, and sad". I can't help but feel that there is something very wrong with a mind that would mix up the pattern like they did. It's very difficult for me to take the paper seriously after this. I would forgive it if all the authors were Chinese, but most of the names are western enough.

jjeaff 9y ago
It's difficult for me to take your comment and criticism seriously with a leading phrase like "what the fuck" in regards to a grammatical error.

kirykl 9y ago

That papers use of modeled faces makes me skeptical. The data proves their conclusion but they also made the facial models and didn’t use real faces experiencing emotions