7 ms·

The driverless road ahead

55 points by digisth 14y ago

paulsutter 14y ago
>Just imagine. [Driverless cars] could, for a start, save the motor industry from stagnation...; and since [cars] would be able to drop off their passengers and drive away, the lack of parking spaces in town might not matter so much. Strange that the Economist would catch the diminished need for parking spaces, but miss the real economic impact of driverless cars: many fewer cars would be needed as utilization rates rise far above the current ~4-7%[1]. This would cause a total collapse of the car industry, not save it as suggested by the article. [1] 7500-15000 miles at an average of 25MPH is 300-600 hours a year or or about 4-7% utilization.
- coenhyde 14y ago
  Agreed. The car industry would surely know this too. I wonder how the future will unfold; maybe the automakers will end up resisting the self driving car.
  - ewolf 14y ago
    I currently see Google taking the lead in the development of driverless cars, so I suppose car makers will be left with no choice.
  - kiba 14y ago
    They are already building their self destruction with more automatic driving features. The only question is which carmaker wants to pull the trigger first and come home walking with the prize.
- ewolf 14y ago
  What would be the exact reason that less cars would be needed? Are you referring to multiple cars in one household becoming superfluous? This would, of course, only be the case if driverless driving would be permitted entirely — I can very well imagine a prolonged transition phase where a human being needs to be able to intervene at all times. Or are there already plans for automatic car sharing? This could be easily opposed by promoting the opinion that having an own car that is customized to your personal needs and where you can leave your belongings bears an advantage big enough to buy one. Of course, ecologically, it would be great if both of this would be permitted, but my point is, autonomous cars could be introduced without car manufacturers incurring any immediate losses.
- arethuza 14y ago
  We already have cars that don't need you to drive them: taxis. Where I live the various different competing taxi companies compete to give a pretty high level of service - I can order a cab via an iPhone app or through an IVR system that only requires me to press a single key if I want a taxi there and then - payment is to account (work) or chip-n-pin. Even with a pretty decent taxi service I still own a car, as do most people I know. So I suspect that even when cars become completely self-driving we will still generally end up buying the things for possibly less than completely rational reasons.
  - michaelt 14y ago
    A cab in SF costs $2.25 per mile (plus a flag fee, plus a fee for waiting in traffic, plus an airport surcharge) The IRS mileage rate is 14 cents per mile driven in service of charitable organizations and 51 cents per mile driven for business. Taxis haven't replaced private cars because they're radically more expensive.
    - protomyth 14y ago
      Why would you think that a self-driving car fleet will have less cost? They will be regulated just like taxis. Including insurance and most importantly medallions. Replacing the drivers will not cut the cost in an industry that creates artificial scarcity.
      - swombat 14y ago
        It will in countries that aren't completely bone-headed about it. I guess a good measure of how corrupt a particular political environment is will be how long it takes to give in to the overwhelming reasons (ecological, economical and social) to allow the true, very low cost of self-driving cars to have its impact on the taxi industry.
        protomyth 14y ago
        I would be curious which countries those are? Is their a 1st world country that doesn't license their cabs to provide an artificial scarcity? Heck, some cities actually mandate the brand of car that can be used for a cab.
- lumberjack 14y ago
  You are assuming that driverless cars will be just as inexpensive as the typical American car today. That's certainly not true today. For example the Google car has $150K in equipment costs. Sure that might go down in time due to more demand but I doubt it will become literally negligible cost wise. Besides that, there is the added cost of software development, and maintenance. And besides that there is money to be made in selling software for these new cars. Software like up to date datasets or more accurate traffic avoidance heuristics.
  - michaelt 14y ago
    LIDAR manufacturer Ibeo currently make a ~12,000 euro LIDAR which they estimate, if mass produced, could cost less than 200 euros. The cost of the extra equipment won't be negligible - but it'll be very low once this stuff gets widely adopted. [1] http://www.its.dot.gov/research_docs/pdf/cicas_tech_docrpt2.pdf http://www.its.dot.gov/research_docs/pdf/cicas_tech_docrpt2.... PDF, see pages 12 and 13
  - DanBC 14y ago
    The Google car is a prototype. That $150k in equipment cost will be dramatically reduced by engineering for production and mass production. The cost doesn't need to become negligible. The cost needs to become justifiable.
- peff 14y ago
  Is utilization over time important? If we assume that people will still travel the same number of miles[1], then while there will be fewer cars on the road at any given moment, they will wear out more quickly as they are utilized more heavily. Another way of thinking of it is that there is demand for a certain number of vehicle-miles per year. In the aggregate over the long term, it is no different if we buy 5 cars, each of which lasts 5 years, or if we buy one car every year for 5 years as the old one wears out[2]. Higher utilization should make fleet replacement a smoother function over time (whereas now, you can see dips and spikes as people decide when to put capital in their cars based on factors like the overall health of the economy). [1] It is not clear what the impact of driverless cars would be on mileage. It would eliminate some useless trips (e.g., doubled miles for dropping somebody off). But the convenience may mean that people simply use it more. [2] I'm assuming that wear and replacement time are purely a function of miles traveled. This is not entirely true, as age is a factor, but I think mileage tends to dominate in the average car (i.e., one that is being used, not one having its belts dry-rot over many years of neglect). Companies that maintain car fleets probably have data on this.
  - peff 14y ago
    By the way, I'm assuming a taxi-like shared car fleet here, where you just get in some car that is available, it takes you where you want to go, and then goes to pick somebody else up afterwards. Without that, you would not have the reduction in number of cars on the road and need for parking.
  - tobiasu 14y ago
    It's an old chestnut that buying a salesman's car with lots of miles is a lot better than buying the same vehicle from a housewife that only used it to go shopping and shuttle the kids to school. Besides, who says that the driverless car isn't more like industrial equipment instead of the current consumer crap, made to go on "forever" to justify its high price?
    - VBprogrammer 14y ago
      I think that is a very good point. While designing cars to last longer would increase the weight of some components, for example allowing more metal around the cylinders so that they can be re-bored a number of times, this could be at least partially by having a much reduced burden of crash resistance. Some things could be alleviated simply by avoiding the maintenance / cost cutting shortcuts used today. For example fitting grease nipples to ball joints and greasing them regularly makes them last a great deal longer than the sealed units which are riveted to swing arms today!
- rsheridan6 14y ago
  The problem is that most people need their cars at the same time - rush hour.
  - seanmcdirmid 14y ago
    1. Optimized traffic flow that driverless gives you would be able to pack more vehicles on the road. 2. If we are treating all cars are like a fleet of autonomous taxis, it doesn't seem really crazy that you could also optimize carpooling where the car picks up other passengers to optimize the trip with respect to where you and they are going.
    - rsheridan6 14y ago
      Yes, you could probably share cars to a greater extent than we do today, but not nearly enough to get the ~20x reduction in the number of cars on the road that the parent suggested. If you have optimized traffic, you could live further out and the commute wouldn't take any longer, so that could lead to more sprawl. You also would be able to do something while commuting besides watch the road, making the commute more tolerable, which could lead to even more sprawl.
- du 14y ago
  I don't think utilization (without taking into account the number of passangers) is important, as peff pointed out. What will change demand is that the car occupancy rate will grow. And since one doesn't need to own a car anymore, the number of cars will be reduced. Bringing together strangers on the same route will get a lot easier in the future. And if one isn't using one's own car but essentially a taxi, we'll see a lot more ride sharing. Especially, if some of the oil price horror scenarios (at least partly) play out. Right now, the car occupancy rate in the US is around 1.6[1]. Imagine it going up to 2, which is around the rate of some Eastern European countries a couple of years ago[2]. I think it will be even higher. Another thing to consider is the demand change, since the usage changes (to some degree) and the buyers change (renting companies instead of consumers). If that benefits domestic car manufacturers, idk. [1]http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/facts/2010_fotw613.html http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/facts/2010_fotw... [2]http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/term29-occupancy-rates-in-passenger-transport-1 http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/term29-occupa...
emperorcezar 14y ago
I love reading the articles on driverless cars. Every single one conveniently forgets that, at this point, we're no where near solving the fueling issue for any car. Teens aren't getting cars because they are too lazy to take the drivers test. It's because the cost, fuel, and maintenance just aren't worth it to them. Even if it drives itself.
- mtgx 14y ago
  I think Tesla will solve this problem for just about anyone within 10 years. They already did with the Tesla Supercharger network (free charging), but the pricing of the cars is not accessible for everyone right now. In 10 years it will be. Pretty sure there will be an under $20,000 model within 10 years. From what I've noticed Tesla looks to cut the price in half every 3 years for their new models.
  - emperorcezar 14y ago
    Even under $20k isn't low enough for many people. If you live in a city and are happy with your public transit options, then it's only around $100 a month. Which is way way less than car payment + insurance + maintenance. Even without paying for fuel.
    - rsheridan6 14y ago
      If we have $20k models in 10 years, we'll have $5k used models in another 10.
    - maxerickson 14y ago
      If the cars cost $20k and drive themselves, droves of those people will be able to access them for some of their transit needs (because they will be available, cheap!, on a per mile basis).
      - emperorcezar 14y ago
        This is actually a use I can really see. I've heard it called "Robotaxi".
DanielBMarkham 14y ago
Every generation has a thing that defines itself -- something that changes everything. Seems like we've been a while since the last one, which was the internet. To me the next two look like driverless cars and advanced 3-D printing. Affordable fusion might be one, but I'm not holding my breath. There are a lot of other cool things out there, of course: Elon Musk and his rocket program, trans-humanism, progress towards strong AI. But assuming we all actually stay individual people and don't become something like a hive mind (which is a big assumption), being able to go places without effort and make our own goods at home will empower people in ways never seen before. 50 years after these technologies mature, it'll be a completely different world.
mibbitier 14y ago
Driverless cars are just another segway. No one will buy one, because they do not solve a problem most people have.
- phreeza 14y ago
  I think people won't have to buy them. They will just have radically cheaper (self-driving) taxis available.
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- mertd 14y ago
  I'll buy one. I hate wasting time driving.
  - mibbitier 14y ago
    I'll bite. How in the world do you consider driving to be wasted time? Don't you think while you're driving? Don't you work through problems in your mind? Don't you rest, listen to music/radio? Don't you have interesting discussions with fellow passengers?
    - mertd 14y ago
      Here is my reasoning. You can do the activities you mentioned in places that are a lot more comfortable (sofa), more social (cafe) or more beneficial (gym) than the driver's seat. More importantly, I don't trust my brain's thread scheduler to drive with full attention and think about something else productively simultaneously. How many of us can say that they have never been in a dangerous scenario because they were lost in thought while driving?
LeafStorm 14y ago
While driverless cars do provide advantages over normal cars, there are two counterpoints I would like to make. First, there are people who simply will not trust the driverless cars. I was talking to a friend yesterday who said that he wouldn't ride in a driverless car, and he wouldn't want to drive on the same road as one. Uptake is not going to be as fast as people seem to expect once the cars are practical for market. And second, in the words of Jarrett Walker [1]: "Technology never changes facts of geometry." No matter how small you can make the engines, airbags, and frame, as long as you have each passenger in a separate, self-propelled, hopefully crash-proof shell, they are always going to take up far more space than a bus or a train, and require far more resources to construct. [1] http://www.humantransit.org/2012/08/bus-stigma-and-driverless-cars-email-of-the-month.html http://www.humantransit.org/2012/08/bus-stigma-and-driverles...
- scotty79 14y ago
  Might take a generation or so to die out till driverless cars will reach near 100% adoption. I've heard that when electricity came about there were people afraid of touching light switches because they had something to do with electricity. I personally know a person (mentally healthy, over 80 years old) that does not want to be alone in the room with turned on TV because she's afraid of electricity.
- DanBC 14y ago
  Buses and trains are, sometimes[1], lousy modes of transport. A company could provide self-driving cars for its commuters. Being small means the vehicles can pick up passengers from their homes (or local coffee shops, or wherever) without that being annoying for the other passengers. [1] I guess it depends what buses and trains you catch.
- ari_elle 14y ago
  If driverless cars, why not a driverless buses ?
  - rayiner 14y ago
    Because the cost of the bus service has almost nothing to do with the cost of the bus driver.
ari_elle 14y ago
One problem that nobody seems to see is: -) As soon as software controls something it's the question about if you control the software, or if the software controls the user One of the big arguments rms always had about free software, but think about it: Let's say i have a self-driving car, how do i know that there isn't a backdoor in there? How about my car being hacked and being remote controlled? How about my car being pulled over by the police by remote control if i don't stop? And what about spontaneity in driving? Will i still be able to make a U-Turn whenever i want? Having navigated through big cities with cars i can tell you that it's more than just reading signs and staying on the correct lane... Once we got self-driving cars then all of the above points will be issues and we should seriously think about all of this in my opinion. If i could make sure that non of the above is valid i might still fancy it for boring highways. For cities or narrow situations i will always trust myself.
- DanBC 14y ago
  There have been a few news articles about people who have driven into rivers because "the sat nav told them to". I hope Google is investigating these weird edge cases, and testing for them.
- SoftwareMaven 14y ago
  You may trust yourself, but as I ride around on my motorcycle, I don't trust you at all. Give me self-driving cars anyway.
  - ari_elle 14y ago
    I don't want to start an argument, especially since i myself ride a motorcycle. But even i witnessed my fair share of motorcyclists, who just played daredevil on the street. The way many behave on roads is not acceptable and this goes for drivers of cars and drivers of motorcycles. Counter question: Would you trust a self driving motorcycle? So why should i - as a in my opinion perfectly good driver - trust a self driving car at all times?
    - SoftwareMaven 14y ago
marshallp 14y ago
Everyone's missing that drones (flying cars) might take off too at roughly the same time. The challenge of making driverless cars completely safe (intelligent sensing and control) is also the challenge for flying cars. Flying cars would beat out road cars and so the reenvisioning of society is greater than what people like Brad Templeton have done. With flying cars, all investments in roads become useless and huge swathes of land become inhabitable. Real estate prices should consequently plummet and a worldwide financial panic occurs (this can all happen within 5 years). However, this will be a good thing since it will clean the current mess of unproductive activity that is land owning and leasing. What the mainstream media also aren't realizing is that the technology for driverless cars is also the same technology that automates away most factory/farming/mining/retail/distribution jobs. The effect in the west might not be so large, but in the rest of the world it could be devastating, leading to riots and civil wars.
- andreasvc 14y ago
  What is your argument that flying cars would beat out road cars? Flying requires way more energy and energy has always been scarce up till now.
  - marshallp 14y ago
    It's not as simple as that. People fly now as well. If everything's about energy efficiency, people wouldn't leave their house. If by flying you can commute from a much cheaper place than it's worth it. Also, you have to factor in the road construction/maintenance costs which flying doesn't have. Especially in the third world where roads aren't built yet. Also, the flying can be in the form of airships which are energy efficient.
    - andreasvc 14y ago
      The most dramatic counterargument is with distribution of goods, which mostly occurs with cargo ships, trucks, and trains--simply because those are way cheaper & more efficient than flying. The simple physics argument is that it requires extra work to keep something flying, which is better avoided. So roads and rails will need to be kept anyway, and it's highly unlikely that people wouldn't use them. On the other hand, I do have to say I'm a big fan of airships, but I'm not holding my breath for their return. I even doubt people would accept that travelling has to be so much slower in an airship, now that he jet age has arrived.
cs702 14y ago
This piece strikes me as too Utopian. While most people, including me, will likely adopt driverless cars, a substantial minority of the population will never adopt them. Should driverless cars become mainstream, criminals of all kinds will quickly find ways to game the system to make vehicles driver-controlled, and (more ominously) will figure out how to hack into other people's cars and use them for nefarious purposes -- vehicle botnets that can cause major economic and physical damage. The police will need ways to override driverless vehicles to keep up with criminals. Moreover, many individuals who love driving their sports cars don't want driverless vehicles; many law-abiding car hackers and tinkerers don't want to relinquish full control over their vehicles; and civil-rights organizations will likely end up fighting driverless vehicles in the courts. Instead of an Utopian, smoothly-working, accident-free system that doesn't need police, seat belts, or insurance, I would expect our road-traffic system to evolve into a more complex mix of driverless and driver-controlled vehicles. The unintended consequences of the transition to this system, and its ultimate legal and technological requirements, are really unknowable at this point. -- PS. In response to paulsutter below, this is not "dystopian terrorist hacker paranoia!" All I'm saying is that the transition will be a lot less simple and smooth, and will have more unintended complex consequences, than suggested by this piece. That's usually how it goes when society makes fundamental changes to the architecture of a large, widely used, complex system!
- seanmcdirmid 14y ago
  They won't have a choice, actually. Emerging economies like China will eat this up to solve their traffic congestion problems in big cities, and are totalitarian enough to mandate it. Once it becomes a huge economic advantage, the other economies will have to follow just to keep up. Governments are lazy, they will want to push more traffic into their road systems at less cost because you hate traffic and taxes! Hybrid solutions are also possible: there will be certain roads (controlled access interstates) where driverless is mandatory while certain streets where driver intervention is required. You still get most of the traffic optimization benefits if the driverless roads are congestion bottlenecks. However, the real benefit doesn't come until we have driverless cities, where people don't need to own cars and a roaming fleet of autonomous vehicles serve as pervasive taxis. You could even get rid of parking lots! The system can easily trace what cars are bad actors and adapt accordingly (shut down traffic in a region with a bad actor until police arrive).
gwern 14y ago
> When people are no longer in control of their cars they will not need driver insurance—so goodbye to motor insurers and brokers. This is a bit delusional. Someone will have to pay for accidents and injuries.
- EwanG 14y ago
  The presumed model is that the manufacturer will buy fleet insurance since it will now mainly be design flaws causing accidents rather than needing to prepare premiums based on each individual driver. And yes, that will probably be a smaller market although you can still sell add-ons, etc.
rayiner 14y ago
Unsurprisingly, site full of left coast people think driverless cars will be a revolution. Guy sitting in Manhattan doesn't get what all the fuss is about.
- waterlesscloud 14y ago
  Because Manhattan in no way depends on transportation of goods.
- akgerber 14y ago
  If you're under 34 years of age, a motor vehicle is the thing most likely to kill you. Pedestrians are close to 50% of the motor vehicle deaths in NYC. All too many collisions are caused by dangerous driving such as speeding or violation of pedestrian right-of-way in a crosswalk. Many measures that would increase pedestrian and cyclist safety are blocked by members of the entitled minority motorist class: speed cameras because many motorists believe themselves unable to drive at a speed safe for other road users, and bike lanes and wider sidewalks because drivers feel the region of the public roadway they have colonized for the storage of private property is a permanent entitlement. Automated vehicles would better obey speed laws and make nearby street parking less necessary.
SlipperySlope 14y ago
Driverless cars solve these problems that most people have ... 1. A need for status. Driverless cars will first greatly distinguish luxury cars from more ordinary cars. 2. Convenience and comfort. Driverless cars will remove the stress from rush hour commuting. Driverless cars will be much more comfortable for long-distance trips. 3. Safety. Driverless cars will obey the traffic laws. "drivers" and passengers of such cars will much less likely be arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs. 4. Efficiency. Driverless cars will use less fuel than otherwise comparable self-drive cars. For example, cooperating driverless cars can draft at highway speeds. Additionally, driverless cars can smooth out stop-and-go traffic, coast down hills and otherwise conserve momentum. And once driverless cars are commonplace, intelligent intersections will permit cooperating driverless cars to interleave without stopping - while accommodating self-drive cars with conventional signs and signals.
- mibbitier 14y ago
  1. Can you imagine Top Gear proclaiming driverless cars as the way to get status? No. They'll be ridiculed by anyone who knows anything about cars (Same way people who drive an automatic are ridiculed). Imagine "Drag and drop programming is the future of software development!!!" 2. Not convinced anyone really gets stressed driving, and not convinced that "not being in control of the car" would make anyone less stressed. Personally, when someone else is driving the car, I'm always more stressed not less. If I knew it was being driven by some software, my stress level would hit the roof. Everything I own that has "software", crashes every now and then. I don't really want my car to have more software than it needs. 3. Software bugs are plentiful in any system. Simple mechanics, and humans will always trump software for things like this. Surely if this stuff was so easy to automate, we'd have software flying planes already (Which seems a substantially easier problem). 4. Considering that we still can't make automatic cars that change gear at the right point, I'm skeptical.
  - manux 14y ago
    Concerning your 3rd point, there are some specific tasks in which Machine Learning algorithms beat humans by a significant margin (fraud detection, biomedical pattern matching, to name a few). Considering the recent engineering prowesses that incorporated ML, I think it's safe to assume that in a near future more tasks will be taken over by better-performing-than-humans software (for very specific tasks IMO).
ftwinnovations 14y ago
I think that once driverless cars are mainstream, which I have no doubt will eventually happen, it can usher in the age of the (driverless) flying car... finally! There seems like quite a bit of technological overlap, and from a safety standpoint I would much rather have people flying around in automated vehicles than human controlled. If this came to be, coupled with high speed wireless, I would go so far as predicting the end of cities as we know them. They would serve essentially no purpose anymore.
- akgerber 14y ago
  Flying cars are uncommon not because they are dangerous, but because it requires a huge amount of energy to defeat gravity in addition to propelling the vehicle forward. Cities are more populous and wealthy than ever before because there is no substitute for human proximity in a service economy, and more humans in close proximity makes for more productive services.
tokenadult 14y ago
Other comments have criticized this article as too utopian, but I like the submitted article a lot, as a summary of several effects of the development of driverless car technology. Technology projections are often too ambitious in the near term, but underambitious in the long term. I think the submitted article here, which discusses trends we can reasonably expect without being really specific about dates, gets the general picture about right. There will be surprises from the introduction of driverless cars that perhaps this article has not anticipated. I think the article "Why Driverless Cars Are Inevitable--and a Good Thing" http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390443524904577651552635911824.html http://online.wsj.com/article/SB1000087239639044352490457765... by Dan Neil of the Wall Street Journal, published last month, is a good commentary on why ordinary people will mostly be glad to use driverless cars, and regulators and insurers will be glad to nudge drivers to use them. "As a mature, postindustrial society, the U.S. has in many ways topped out economically (population growth, consumption) compared with younger competitors on the world stage. Americans are learning hard lessons about the value of their work in a race-to-the-bottom global economy. "The one brilliant part of the U.S. economic profile is productivity. It turns out, Americans are a little nutty when it comes to work. "If autonomy were fully implemented today, there would be roughly 100 million Americans sitting in their cars and trucks tomorrow, by themselves, with time on their hands. It would be, from an economist's point of view, the Pennsylvania oil fields of man-hours, a beautiful gusher, a bonanza of reverie washing upon our shores." Driving here in Minnesota, I can't wait until the typical Minnesota driver's low-grade performance is replaced by the performance of road-certified driverless car systems. And I most definitely look forward to having much more time to think and to enjoy undistracted conversation in a driverless car than I can now safely achieve while driving. That indeed will be a boost to my productivity and to the quality of my family life. Another subthread here talks about the trade-offs between owning a personal driverless car versus taking rides from a driverless taxi service. My family, like many families in the United States, considers the issues of the one-car-per-adult lifestyle versus the one-car-per-household lifestyle. Most United States families with children would probably make their choices about car ownership with that being the key decision point. I can see a lot of United States families deciding to have one owned family car that is filled with all of their favorite things to have along during road trips (so that the car is one more personal storage unit, in part) that would accumulate a lot of pleasant memories of family outings and so forth. But the family's second car (in some families, the third car) would be replaced with a subscription to a driverless car service, which would reliably pick up family members on a moment's notice for trips to the grocery store, the soccer game, a music lesson, a party while the other parent is still at work, or whatever. If the driverless car services become reliable enough to whisk a child (with or without parent) over to an urgent care center for sudden injuries and illnesses, one major reason parents keep a second "transportation car" besides the main commuting and traveling car would vanish. I fully expect individual rates of car ownership per household to drop when driverless cars become reliable.
saosebastiao 14y ago
New York City grew over 500% since the advent of the mass-produced automobile. It has grown ~30% since the advent of the internet. The car may have distributed our density a little more evenly, but it has not diminished the importance of cities. We will always continue to live, work, trade, eat, and buy in cities. It is one of the trademarks of our social evolution. We also continue to work during the day and sleep during the night, despite the advent of electricity. We go to work in the morning, and we return in the evening. Combine those two unavoidable traits of human existence and we get what is called Rush Hour. And it is not going away. At best, driverless cars represent a minor improvement in the pain of rush hour, but it doesn't abolish it...nor does it rid us of the need for public transit. There are simply too many geometric facts in the way. 1.3 million people commute to Manhattan every weekday. At 1.2 cars per person (typical for a morning commute) that is still more than a million cars fighting for some 2000 miles of road space. Even without any need for parking (assuming they would all be taxis, which is unlikely), that is still 1 car every ~10 feet of road length...including intersections. In other words, geometrically impossible, unless you want to argue that no bottlenecks would exist anywhere (such as intersections or bridges). Driverless cars will be nothing more than a minor improvement in congestion and parking costs. Where the real improvement comes from is driverless trucks and buses. A driverless truck reduces per-mile costs of road freight by about 40%, while allowing for 24hr days (13 more than the max possible with one driver, and 15 more than the average), making all road freight more than twice as fast. That is transformative for commerce. And for city buses, 85% of the cost is going to drivers. We could literally be offering buses at 4x the frequency at the same cost. That is transformative for cities.

55 points by digisth 14y ago

>Just imagine. [Driverless cars] could, for a start, save the motor industry from stagnation...; and since [cars] would be able to drop off their passengers and drive away, the lack of parking spaces in town might not matter so much. Strange that the Economist would catch the diminished need for parking spaces, but miss the real economic impact of driverless cars: many fewer cars would be needed as utilization rates rise far above the current ~4-7%[1]. This would cause a total collapse of the car industry, not save it as suggested by the article. [1] 7500-15000 miles at an average of 25MPH is 300-600 hours a year or or about 4-7% utilization.

coenhyde 14y ago
Agreed. The car industry would surely know this too. I wonder how the future will unfold; maybe the automakers will end up resisting the self driving car.
- ewolf 14y ago
  I currently see Google taking the lead in the development of driverless cars, so I suppose car makers will be left with no choice.
- kiba 14y ago
  They are already building their self destruction with more automatic driving features. The only question is which carmaker wants to pull the trigger first and come home walking with the prize.
ewolf 14y ago
What would be the exact reason that less cars would be needed? Are you referring to multiple cars in one household becoming superfluous? This would, of course, only be the case if driverless driving would be permitted entirely — I can very well imagine a prolonged transition phase where a human being needs to be able to intervene at all times. Or are there already plans for automatic car sharing? This could be easily opposed by promoting the opinion that having an own car that is customized to your personal needs and where you can leave your belongings bears an advantage big enough to buy one. Of course, ecologically, it would be great if both of this would be permitted, but my point is, autonomous cars could be introduced without car manufacturers incurring any immediate losses.
arethuza 14y ago
We already have cars that don't need you to drive them: taxis. Where I live the various different competing taxi companies compete to give a pretty high level of service - I can order a cab via an iPhone app or through an IVR system that only requires me to press a single key if I want a taxi there and then - payment is to account (work) or chip-n-pin. Even with a pretty decent taxi service I still own a car, as do most people I know. So I suspect that even when cars become completely self-driving we will still generally end up buying the things for possibly less than completely rational reasons.
- michaelt 14y ago
  A cab in SF costs $2.25 per mile (plus a flag fee, plus a fee for waiting in traffic, plus an airport surcharge) The IRS mileage rate is 14 cents per mile driven in service of charitable organizations and 51 cents per mile driven for business. Taxis haven't replaced private cars because they're radically more expensive.
  - protomyth 14y ago
    Why would you think that a self-driving car fleet will have less cost? They will be regulated just like taxis. Including insurance and most importantly medallions. Replacing the drivers will not cut the cost in an industry that creates artificial scarcity.
    - swombat 14y ago
      It will in countries that aren't completely bone-headed about it. I guess a good measure of how corrupt a particular political environment is will be how long it takes to give in to the overwhelming reasons (ecological, economical and social) to allow the true, very low cost of self-driving cars to have its impact on the taxi industry.
      - protomyth 14y ago
        I would be curious which countries those are? Is their a 1st world country that doesn't license their cabs to provide an artificial scarcity? Heck, some cities actually mandate the brand of car that can be used for a cab.
lumberjack 14y ago
You are assuming that driverless cars will be just as inexpensive as the typical American car today. That's certainly not true today. For example the Google car has $150K in equipment costs. Sure that might go down in time due to more demand but I doubt it will become literally negligible cost wise. Besides that, there is the added cost of software development, and maintenance. And besides that there is money to be made in selling software for these new cars. Software like up to date datasets or more accurate traffic avoidance heuristics.
- michaelt 14y ago
  LIDAR manufacturer Ibeo currently make a ~12,000 euro LIDAR which they estimate, if mass produced, could cost less than 200 euros. The cost of the extra equipment won't be negligible - but it'll be very low once this stuff gets widely adopted. [1] http://www.its.dot.gov/research_docs/pdf/cicas_tech_docrpt2.pdf http://www.its.dot.gov/research_docs/pdf/cicas_tech_docrpt2.... PDF, see pages 12 and 13
- DanBC 14y ago
  The Google car is a prototype. That $150k in equipment cost will be dramatically reduced by engineering for production and mass production. The cost doesn't need to become negligible. The cost needs to become justifiable.
peff 14y ago
Is utilization over time important? If we assume that people will still travel the same number of miles[1], then while there will be fewer cars on the road at any given moment, they will wear out more quickly as they are utilized more heavily. Another way of thinking of it is that there is demand for a certain number of vehicle-miles per year. In the aggregate over the long term, it is no different if we buy 5 cars, each of which lasts 5 years, or if we buy one car every year for 5 years as the old one wears out[2]. Higher utilization should make fleet replacement a smoother function over time (whereas now, you can see dips and spikes as people decide when to put capital in their cars based on factors like the overall health of the economy). [1] It is not clear what the impact of driverless cars would be on mileage. It would eliminate some useless trips (e.g., doubled miles for dropping somebody off). But the convenience may mean that people simply use it more. [2] I'm assuming that wear and replacement time are purely a function of miles traveled. This is not entirely true, as age is a factor, but I think mileage tends to dominate in the average car (i.e., one that is being used, not one having its belts dry-rot over many years of neglect). Companies that maintain car fleets probably have data on this.
- peff 14y ago
  By the way, I'm assuming a taxi-like shared car fleet here, where you just get in some car that is available, it takes you where you want to go, and then goes to pick somebody else up afterwards. Without that, you would not have the reduction in number of cars on the road and need for parking.
- tobiasu 14y ago
  It's an old chestnut that buying a salesman's car with lots of miles is a lot better than buying the same vehicle from a housewife that only used it to go shopping and shuttle the kids to school. Besides, who says that the driverless car isn't more like industrial equipment instead of the current consumer crap, made to go on "forever" to justify its high price?
  - VBprogrammer 14y ago
    I think that is a very good point. While designing cars to last longer would increase the weight of some components, for example allowing more metal around the cylinders so that they can be re-bored a number of times, this could be at least partially by having a much reduced burden of crash resistance. Some things could be alleviated simply by avoiding the maintenance / cost cutting shortcuts used today. For example fitting grease nipples to ball joints and greasing them regularly makes them last a great deal longer than the sealed units which are riveted to swing arms today!
rsheridan6 14y ago
The problem is that most people need their cars at the same time - rush hour.
- seanmcdirmid 14y ago
  1. Optimized traffic flow that driverless gives you would be able to pack more vehicles on the road. 2. If we are treating all cars are like a fleet of autonomous taxis, it doesn't seem really crazy that you could also optimize carpooling where the car picks up other passengers to optimize the trip with respect to where you and they are going.
  - rsheridan6 14y ago
    Yes, you could probably share cars to a greater extent than we do today, but not nearly enough to get the ~20x reduction in the number of cars on the road that the parent suggested. If you have optimized traffic, you could live further out and the commute wouldn't take any longer, so that could lead to more sprawl. You also would be able to do something while commuting besides watch the road, making the commute more tolerable, which could lead to even more sprawl.
du 14y ago
I don't think utilization (without taking into account the number of passangers) is important, as peff pointed out. What will change demand is that the car occupancy rate will grow. And since one doesn't need to own a car anymore, the number of cars will be reduced. Bringing together strangers on the same route will get a lot easier in the future. And if one isn't using one's own car but essentially a taxi, we'll see a lot more ride sharing. Especially, if some of the oil price horror scenarios (at least partly) play out. Right now, the car occupancy rate in the US is around 1.6[1]. Imagine it going up to 2, which is around the rate of some Eastern European countries a couple of years ago[2]. I think it will be even higher. Another thing to consider is the demand change, since the usage changes (to some degree) and the buyers change (renting companies instead of consumers). If that benefits domestic car manufacturers, idk. [1]http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/facts/2010_fotw613.html http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/facts/2010_fotw... [2]http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/term29-occupancy-rates-in-passenger-transport-1 http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/term29-occupa...

emperorcezar 14y ago

I love reading the articles on driverless cars. Every single one conveniently forgets that, at this point, we're no where near solving the fueling issue for any car. Teens aren't getting cars because they are too lazy to take the drivers test. It's because the cost, fuel, and maintenance just aren't worth it to them. Even if it drives itself.

mtgx 14y ago
I think Tesla will solve this problem for just about anyone within 10 years. They already did with the Tesla Supercharger network (free charging), but the pricing of the cars is not accessible for everyone right now. In 10 years it will be. Pretty sure there will be an under $20,000 model within 10 years. From what I've noticed Tesla looks to cut the price in half every 3 years for their new models.
- emperorcezar 14y ago
  Even under $20k isn't low enough for many people. If you live in a city and are happy with your public transit options, then it's only around $100 a month. Which is way way less than car payment + insurance + maintenance. Even without paying for fuel.
  - rsheridan6 14y ago
    If we have $20k models in 10 years, we'll have $5k used models in another 10.
  - maxerickson 14y ago
    If the cars cost $20k and drive themselves, droves of those people will be able to access them for some of their transit needs (because they will be available, cheap!, on a per mile basis).
    - emperorcezar 14y ago
      This is actually a use I can really see. I've heard it called "Robotaxi".

DanielBMarkham 14y ago

Every generation has a thing that defines itself -- something that changes everything. Seems like we've been a while since the last one, which was the internet. To me the next two look like driverless cars and advanced 3-D printing. Affordable fusion might be one, but I'm not holding my breath. There are a lot of other cool things out there, of course: Elon Musk and his rocket program, trans-humanism, progress towards strong AI. But assuming we all actually stay individual people and don't become something like a hive mind (which is a big assumption), being able to go places without effort and make our own goods at home will empower people in ways never seen before. 50 years after these technologies mature, it'll be a completely different world.

mibbitier 14y ago

Driverless cars are just another segway. No one will buy one, because they do not solve a problem most people have.

phreeza 14y ago
I think people won't have to buy them. They will just have radically cheaper (self-driving) taxis available.
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- deleted 14y ago
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mertd 14y ago
I'll buy one. I hate wasting time driving.
- mibbitier 14y ago
  I'll bite. How in the world do you consider driving to be wasted time? Don't you think while you're driving? Don't you work through problems in your mind? Don't you rest, listen to music/radio? Don't you have interesting discussions with fellow passengers?
  - mertd 14y ago
    Here is my reasoning. You can do the activities you mentioned in places that are a lot more comfortable (sofa), more social (cafe) or more beneficial (gym) than the driver's seat. More importantly, I don't trust my brain's thread scheduler to drive with full attention and think about something else productively simultaneously. How many of us can say that they have never been in a dangerous scenario because they were lost in thought while driving?

LeafStorm 14y ago

While driverless cars do provide advantages over normal cars, there are two counterpoints I would like to make. First, there are people who simply will not trust the driverless cars. I was talking to a friend yesterday who said that he wouldn't ride in a driverless car, and he wouldn't want to drive on the same road as one. Uptake is not going to be as fast as people seem to expect once the cars are practical for market. And second, in the words of Jarrett Walker [1]: "Technology never changes facts of geometry." No matter how small you can make the engines, airbags, and frame, as long as you have each passenger in a separate, self-propelled, hopefully crash-proof shell, they are always going to take up far more space than a bus or a train, and require far more resources to construct. [1] http://www.humantransit.org/2012/08/bus-stigma-and-driverless-cars-email-of-the-month.html http://www.humantransit.org/2012/08/bus-stigma-and-driverles...

scotty79 14y ago
Might take a generation or so to die out till driverless cars will reach near 100% adoption. I've heard that when electricity came about there were people afraid of touching light switches because they had something to do with electricity. I personally know a person (mentally healthy, over 80 years old) that does not want to be alone in the room with turned on TV because she's afraid of electricity.
DanBC 14y ago
Buses and trains are, sometimes[1], lousy modes of transport. A company could provide self-driving cars for its commuters. Being small means the vehicles can pick up passengers from their homes (or local coffee shops, or wherever) without that being annoying for the other passengers. [1] I guess it depends what buses and trains you catch.
ari_elle 14y ago
If driverless cars, why not a driverless buses ?
- rayiner 14y ago
  Because the cost of the bus service has almost nothing to do with the cost of the bus driver.

ari_elle 14y ago

One problem that nobody seems to see is: -) As soon as software controls something it's the question about if you control the software, or if the software controls the user One of the big arguments rms always had about free software, but think about it: Let's say i have a self-driving car, how do i know that there isn't a backdoor in there? How about my car being hacked and being remote controlled? How about my car being pulled over by the police by remote control if i don't stop? And what about spontaneity in driving? Will i still be able to make a U-Turn whenever i want? Having navigated through big cities with cars i can tell you that it's more than just reading signs and staying on the correct lane... Once we got self-driving cars then all of the above points will be issues and we should seriously think about all of this in my opinion. If i could make sure that non of the above is valid i might still fancy it for boring highways. For cities or narrow situations i will always trust myself.

DanBC 14y ago
There have been a few news articles about people who have driven into rivers because "the sat nav told them to". I hope Google is investigating these weird edge cases, and testing for them.
SoftwareMaven 14y ago
You may trust yourself, but as I ride around on my motorcycle, I don't trust you at all. Give me self-driving cars anyway.
- ari_elle 14y ago
  I don't want to start an argument, especially since i myself ride a motorcycle. But even i witnessed my fair share of motorcyclists, who just played daredevil on the street. The way many behave on roads is not acceptable and this goes for drivers of cars and drivers of motorcycles. Counter question: Would you trust a self driving motorcycle? So why should i - as a in my opinion perfectly good driver - trust a self driving car at all times?
  - SoftwareMaven 14y ago

marshallp 14y ago

Everyone's missing that drones (flying cars) might take off too at roughly the same time. The challenge of making driverless cars completely safe (intelligent sensing and control) is also the challenge for flying cars. Flying cars would beat out road cars and so the reenvisioning of society is greater than what people like Brad Templeton have done. With flying cars, all investments in roads become useless and huge swathes of land become inhabitable. Real estate prices should consequently plummet and a worldwide financial panic occurs (this can all happen within 5 years). However, this will be a good thing since it will clean the current mess of unproductive activity that is land owning and leasing. What the mainstream media also aren't realizing is that the technology for driverless cars is also the same technology that automates away most factory/farming/mining/retail/distribution jobs. The effect in the west might not be so large, but in the rest of the world it could be devastating, leading to riots and civil wars.

andreasvc 14y ago
What is your argument that flying cars would beat out road cars? Flying requires way more energy and energy has always been scarce up till now.
- marshallp 14y ago
  It's not as simple as that. People fly now as well. If everything's about energy efficiency, people wouldn't leave their house. If by flying you can commute from a much cheaper place than it's worth it. Also, you have to factor in the road construction/maintenance costs which flying doesn't have. Especially in the third world where roads aren't built yet. Also, the flying can be in the form of airships which are energy efficient.
  - andreasvc 14y ago
    The most dramatic counterargument is with distribution of goods, which mostly occurs with cargo ships, trucks, and trains--simply because those are way cheaper & more efficient than flying. The simple physics argument is that it requires extra work to keep something flying, which is better avoided. So roads and rails will need to be kept anyway, and it's highly unlikely that people wouldn't use them. On the other hand, I do have to say I'm a big fan of airships, but I'm not holding my breath for their return. I even doubt people would accept that travelling has to be so much slower in an airship, now that he jet age has arrived.

cs702 14y ago

This piece strikes me as too Utopian. While most people, including me, will likely adopt driverless cars, a substantial minority of the population will never adopt them. Should driverless cars become mainstream, criminals of all kinds will quickly find ways to game the system to make vehicles driver-controlled, and (more ominously) will figure out how to hack into other people's cars and use them for nefarious purposes -- vehicle botnets that can cause major economic and physical damage. The police will need ways to override driverless vehicles to keep up with criminals. Moreover, many individuals who love driving their sports cars don't want driverless vehicles; many law-abiding car hackers and tinkerers don't want to relinquish full control over their vehicles; and civil-rights organizations will likely end up fighting driverless vehicles in the courts. Instead of an Utopian, smoothly-working, accident-free system that doesn't need police, seat belts, or insurance, I would expect our road-traffic system to evolve into a more complex mix of driverless and driver-controlled vehicles. The unintended consequences of the transition to this system, and its ultimate legal and technological requirements, are really unknowable at this point. -- PS. In response to paulsutter below, this is not "dystopian terrorist hacker paranoia!" All I'm saying is that the transition will be a lot less simple and smooth, and will have more unintended complex consequences, than suggested by this piece. That's usually how it goes when society makes fundamental changes to the architecture of a large, widely used, complex system!

seanmcdirmid 14y ago
They won't have a choice, actually. Emerging economies like China will eat this up to solve their traffic congestion problems in big cities, and are totalitarian enough to mandate it. Once it becomes a huge economic advantage, the other economies will have to follow just to keep up. Governments are lazy, they will want to push more traffic into their road systems at less cost because you hate traffic and taxes! Hybrid solutions are also possible: there will be certain roads (controlled access interstates) where driverless is mandatory while certain streets where driver intervention is required. You still get most of the traffic optimization benefits if the driverless roads are congestion bottlenecks. However, the real benefit doesn't come until we have driverless cities, where people don't need to own cars and a roaming fleet of autonomous vehicles serve as pervasive taxis. You could even get rid of parking lots! The system can easily trace what cars are bad actors and adapt accordingly (shut down traffic in a region with a bad actor until police arrive).

gwern 14y ago

> When people are no longer in control of their cars they will not need driver insurance—so goodbye to motor insurers and brokers. This is a bit delusional. Someone will have to pay for accidents and injuries.

EwanG 14y ago
The presumed model is that the manufacturer will buy fleet insurance since it will now mainly be design flaws causing accidents rather than needing to prepare premiums based on each individual driver. And yes, that will probably be a smaller market although you can still sell add-ons, etc.

rayiner 14y ago

Unsurprisingly, site full of left coast people think driverless cars will be a revolution. Guy sitting in Manhattan doesn't get what all the fuss is about.

waterlesscloud 14y ago
Because Manhattan in no way depends on transportation of goods.
akgerber 14y ago
If you're under 34 years of age, a motor vehicle is the thing most likely to kill you. Pedestrians are close to 50% of the motor vehicle deaths in NYC. All too many collisions are caused by dangerous driving such as speeding or violation of pedestrian right-of-way in a crosswalk. Many measures that would increase pedestrian and cyclist safety are blocked by members of the entitled minority motorist class: speed cameras because many motorists believe themselves unable to drive at a speed safe for other road users, and bike lanes and wider sidewalks because drivers feel the region of the public roadway they have colonized for the storage of private property is a permanent entitlement. Automated vehicles would better obey speed laws and make nearby street parking less necessary.

SlipperySlope 14y ago

Driverless cars solve these problems that most people have ... 1. A need for status. Driverless cars will first greatly distinguish luxury cars from more ordinary cars. 2. Convenience and comfort. Driverless cars will remove the stress from rush hour commuting. Driverless cars will be much more comfortable for long-distance trips. 3. Safety. Driverless cars will obey the traffic laws. "drivers" and passengers of such cars will much less likely be arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs. 4. Efficiency. Driverless cars will use less fuel than otherwise comparable self-drive cars. For example, cooperating driverless cars can draft at highway speeds. Additionally, driverless cars can smooth out stop-and-go traffic, coast down hills and otherwise conserve momentum. And once driverless cars are commonplace, intelligent intersections will permit cooperating driverless cars to interleave without stopping - while accommodating self-drive cars with conventional signs and signals.

mibbitier 14y ago
1. Can you imagine Top Gear proclaiming driverless cars as the way to get status? No. They'll be ridiculed by anyone who knows anything about cars (Same way people who drive an automatic are ridiculed). Imagine "Drag and drop programming is the future of software development!!!" 2. Not convinced anyone really gets stressed driving, and not convinced that "not being in control of the car" would make anyone less stressed. Personally, when someone else is driving the car, I'm always more stressed not less. If I knew it was being driven by some software, my stress level would hit the roof. Everything I own that has "software", crashes every now and then. I don't really want my car to have more software than it needs. 3. Software bugs are plentiful in any system. Simple mechanics, and humans will always trump software for things like this. Surely if this stuff was so easy to automate, we'd have software flying planes already (Which seems a substantially easier problem). 4. Considering that we still can't make automatic cars that change gear at the right point, I'm skeptical.
- manux 14y ago
  Concerning your 3rd point, there are some specific tasks in which Machine Learning algorithms beat humans by a significant margin (fraud detection, biomedical pattern matching, to name a few). Considering the recent engineering prowesses that incorporated ML, I think it's safe to assume that in a near future more tasks will be taken over by better-performing-than-humans software (for very specific tasks IMO).

ftwinnovations 14y ago

I think that once driverless cars are mainstream, which I have no doubt will eventually happen, it can usher in the age of the (driverless) flying car... finally! There seems like quite a bit of technological overlap, and from a safety standpoint I would much rather have people flying around in automated vehicles than human controlled. If this came to be, coupled with high speed wireless, I would go so far as predicting the end of cities as we know them. They would serve essentially no purpose anymore.

akgerber 14y ago
Flying cars are uncommon not because they are dangerous, but because it requires a huge amount of energy to defeat gravity in addition to propelling the vehicle forward. Cities are more populous and wealthy than ever before because there is no substitute for human proximity in a service economy, and more humans in close proximity makes for more productive services.

tokenadult 14y ago

Other comments have criticized this article as too utopian, but I like the submitted article a lot, as a summary of several effects of the development of driverless car technology. Technology projections are often too ambitious in the near term, but underambitious in the long term. I think the submitted article here, which discusses trends we can reasonably expect without being really specific about dates, gets the general picture about right. There will be surprises from the introduction of driverless cars that perhaps this article has not anticipated. I think the article "Why Driverless Cars Are Inevitable--and a Good Thing" http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390443524904577651552635911824.html http://online.wsj.com/article/SB1000087239639044352490457765... by Dan Neil of the Wall Street Journal, published last month, is a good commentary on why ordinary people will mostly be glad to use driverless cars, and regulators and insurers will be glad to nudge drivers to use them. "As a mature, postindustrial society, the U.S. has in many ways topped out economically (population growth, consumption) compared with younger competitors on the world stage. Americans are learning hard lessons about the value of their work in a race-to-the-bottom global economy. "The one brilliant part of the U.S. economic profile is productivity. It turns out, Americans are a little nutty when it comes to work. "If autonomy were fully implemented today, there would be roughly 100 million Americans sitting in their cars and trucks tomorrow, by themselves, with time on their hands. It would be, from an economist's point of view, the Pennsylvania oil fields of man-hours, a beautiful gusher, a bonanza of reverie washing upon our shores." Driving here in Minnesota, I can't wait until the typical Minnesota driver's low-grade performance is replaced by the performance of road-certified driverless car systems. And I most definitely look forward to having much more time to think and to enjoy undistracted conversation in a driverless car than I can now safely achieve while driving. That indeed will be a boost to my productivity and to the quality of my family life. Another subthread here talks about the trade-offs between owning a personal driverless car versus taking rides from a driverless taxi service. My family, like many families in the United States, considers the issues of the one-car-per-adult lifestyle versus the one-car-per-household lifestyle. Most United States families with children would probably make their choices about car ownership with that being the key decision point. I can see a lot of United States families deciding to have one owned family car that is filled with all of their favorite things to have along during road trips (so that the car is one more personal storage unit, in part) that would accumulate a lot of pleasant memories of family outings and so forth. But the family's second car (in some families, the third car) would be replaced with a subscription to a driverless car service, which would reliably pick up family members on a moment's notice for trips to the grocery store, the soccer game, a music lesson, a party while the other parent is still at work, or whatever. If the driverless car services become reliable enough to whisk a child (with or without parent) over to an urgent care center for sudden injuries and illnesses, one major reason parents keep a second "transportation car" besides the main commuting and traveling car would vanish. I fully expect individual rates of car ownership per household to drop when driverless cars become reliable.

saosebastiao 14y ago

New York City grew over 500% since the advent of the mass-produced automobile. It has grown ~30% since the advent of the internet. The car may have distributed our density a little more evenly, but it has not diminished the importance of cities. We will always continue to live, work, trade, eat, and buy in cities. It is one of the trademarks of our social evolution. We also continue to work during the day and sleep during the night, despite the advent of electricity. We go to work in the morning, and we return in the evening. Combine those two unavoidable traits of human existence and we get what is called Rush Hour. And it is not going away. At best, driverless cars represent a minor improvement in the pain of rush hour, but it doesn't abolish it...nor does it rid us of the need for public transit. There are simply too many geometric facts in the way. 1.3 million people commute to Manhattan every weekday. At 1.2 cars per person (typical for a morning commute) that is still more than a million cars fighting for some 2000 miles of road space. Even without any need for parking (assuming they would all be taxis, which is unlikely), that is still 1 car every ~10 feet of road length...including intersections. In other words, geometrically impossible, unless you want to argue that no bottlenecks would exist anywhere (such as intersections or bridges). Driverless cars will be nothing more than a minor improvement in congestion and parking costs. Where the real improvement comes from is driverless trucks and buses. A driverless truck reduces per-mile costs of road freight by about 40%, while allowing for 24hr days (13 more than the max possible with one driver, and 15 more than the average), making all road freight more than twice as fast. That is transformative for commerce. And for city buses, 85% of the cost is going to drivers. We could literally be offering buses at 4x the frequency at the same cost. That is transformative for cities.