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Regarding your first point, OOP without subtyping has typically been referred to as object-based rather than object-oriented.

• vips7L 2y ago
  Sure, I just think that’s being pedantic.
  • layer8 2y ago
    I think it’s an important distinction, in particular since a significant number of people opine that subtyping is harmful, but encapsulation is not.
    • vips7L 2y ago
      I don’t particularly think subtyping is harmful. It can be misused, but everything in programming can be misused.