4 ms·

Quantum batteries break causality

51 points by giuliomagnifico 3y ago

deleted 3y ago
[deleted]
Filligree 3y ago
As is standard, the headline is false. “Breaks the intuitive notion of causality”, maybe.
- daveguy 3y ago
  Thank you. It seemed off to me too. Even the first image caption: > In the classical world, if you tried to charge a battery using two chargers, you would have to do so in sequence, limiting the available options to just two possible orders. Uhhhh. Of course you can charge in parallel, just like you can power something from batteries in parallel. How do they think a solar panel array charges a battery at a specific voltage while increasing wattage of the array? -- parallel solar panels => parallel charging. I don't know if it's a translation peculiarity or what, but the whole thing seems off.
  - tessierashpool 3y ago
    it's more likely a failure of translation from scientist to journalist than from Japanese to English.
    - misnome 3y ago
      Ah, Scientist to Journalist, the classical source for the term "Hallucinations".
  - gus_massa 3y ago
    I read the press release a few times and it's very confusing. The research paper is paywalled. My guess is: The "battery" is an atom that can be in the ground state or exited. The two chargers are laser, let's call them A and B A classic "battery" can go: * Empty (total = 0) -> absorb a photon from A (total = A) -> absorb a photon from B (total = A+B) or * Empty (total = 0) -> absorb a photon from B (total = B) -> absorb a photon from A (total = A+B But a quantum "battery" can go: * Empty (total = 0) -> 50% absorb a photon from A and 50% absorb a photon from B and (total = (A+B)/2) -> absorb the other photon (total = A+B) where 50%+50% is actually 1/sqrt(2)±1/sqrt(2) for technical reasons. (They are not absorbing the 50% of the photon.) I don't understand the part of the weaker charger. If the laser A and B have the same frequency/color, then it does not make sense. If they are different, it is almost obvious because fine tuning the energy of the photons in the laser to the energy of the transitions of the levels of an atom is a good idea to promote absorption. As I said, I'm guessing too much, so I'd be happy if anyone can post a better explanation.
    - howmayiannoyyou 3y ago
      Empty (total = 0) -> photon A -> charge battery element 1 & entangled battery element 2 where battery element is/are the atoms storing the charge. One cannot assume the charge will be split 50/50 because its probabilistic and how the atoms are impacted by the photos may impact charge. Also, it may be the case that - probabilistically - the charge is no better or more efficient than a classic battery. Anyway, I think this explains how a lesser charge may result in a higher stored charge.
      - gus_massa 3y ago
        It looks like they use an initial auxiliary entangled system with a state like 1/sqrt(2)A+1/sqrt(2)B and then A and B decide how the "battery" charges. So the final state of the "battery" is 1/sqrt(2)C1C2+1/sqrt(2)C2C1, that is a superposition of the two ways to charge the "battery", that is a 50% for each one.
    - wolfi1 3y ago
      there is a paper on arxiv.org which may shed some light: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.12466.pdf https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.12466.pdf
      - gus_massa 3y ago
        Not too much light :( , but let's try again: It looks like a previous work. It looks like it's a single qubit going from 0 to 1. Charger 1 is connected using the Pauli matrix σx and Charger 2 is connected using the Pauli matrix σy. σx and σy does not conmute, so using the chargers in different order get a different result. From the preprint: > A quantum switch that realizes indefinite causal order admits higher-order processes where a control qubit plays the role of determining the order of occurrence of C1 and C2. Depending on the control qubit’s initial state, infinitely many configurations become possible, e.g., when the control qubit is prepared in a coherently balanced state, the battery undergoes the charging dynamics determined by C1C2 and C2C1 in a balanced superposition. A measurement will be performed on the control qubit following the dynamical evolutions of the target system. It looks like standard superposition with strange names. IIUC they make measurements and repeat the operation, and that increase the probability that the final state of the qubit is 1. This second part may be interesting, but the unusual names make me decide to forget it.
  - whoisthemachine 3y ago
    Quantum mechanics are a little dense for me, but assuming the laws of entropy have not been broken, I think this means a more efficient "concurrent" charging process, as opposed to sequentially charging. Perhaps current "parallel" charging differs in approach to this new process. > Earlier methods to charge a quantum battery involved a series of charging stages one after the other. However, here, the team instead used a novel quantum effect they call indefinite causal order, or ICO. In the classical realm, causality follows a clear path, meaning that if event A leads to event B, then the possibility of B causing A is excluded. I don't blame the authors for interpreting this as causality being broken, as most programmers know how difficult causality is to think about once you have concurrent processes in play.
aredox 3y ago
A press release dumbed down for public consumption, translated from Japanese to English, about a weird quantum effect... Hard to me more un-understandable than that.
deadbabe 3y ago
The most exciting take on this title would be using a battery before it was charged. Unfortunately no real causality is actually broken.
- amelius 3y ago
  Well, I am glad that no causality was broken.
vlovich123 3y ago
https://www.quantamagazine.org/quantum-mischief-rewrites-the-laws-of-cause-and-effect-20210311/ https://www.quantamagazine.org/quantum-mischief-rewrites-the... does a decent job explaining indefinite causal order. Even then, I’m still left scratching my head as to how this works and it sounds like the theory of explaining how classical causality falls out isn’t fleshed out yet & is still a work in progress.
- pdonis 3y ago
  > it sounds like the theory of explaining how classical causality falls out isn’t fleshed out yet & is still a work in progress Yes, that's true. One of the confusing things is that this "indefinite causal order" thing is very limited--for example, you can't use it to send actual information faster than light. It can produce correlations that seem to defy our usual intuitions about cause and effect, but to actually make use of such things, you have to wait for ordinary classical (i.e., light speed or slower) transmission of the information you need to do so. For example, in the Alice an Bob scenario at the start of the Quanta magazine article you linked to, while it's possible for Alice's dropping the plate and Bob burning himself to be correlated in ways that defy our classical intuitions, Alice can't make any use of the fact that Bob burned himself until the information from Bob reaches her at light speed or slower, and Bob can't make any use of the fact that Alice dropped the plate until the information reaches him at light speed or slower. (Btw, the article is misleading on this point, since it describes Alice as dropping the plate when she hears Bob cry out in one version, and Bob burning himself when he hears Alice drop the plate in the other version. If the Alice and Bob events are spacelike separated, which is the scenario that causes all the head scratching, these descriptions are wrong--Alice and Bob can't hear each other faster than light. A proper description would be something like: Alice drops a plate for no apparent reason, she says it just happened out of the blue before she could react; and Bob burns himself for no apparent reason, he says it just happened out of the blue before he could react; but it turns out that every time these things happen, they happen together--Alice never drops a plate without Bob burning himself, and vice versa.) So it's even possible to interpret all this as not changing our concept of "causality" at all, just putting a little quantum wrinkle in that only has limited effects.
nonrandomstring 3y ago
> Break Causality Well, they're no use if they run out before you even use them! Maybe causality operates at a different voltage?
NBJack 3y ago
"Hey, how much do you have left in the tank of our quantum powered car rental? Will we make it to LA?" "Don't you even DARE look at at the power guage! The moment you do, the observation will collapse the battery state superposition, stranding us in the middle of Nevada!"
- feoren 3y ago
  One of my favorite jokes from Futurama is when they're at a horse race. Announcer: "And it's a dead heat! They're checking the electron microscope ... and the winner is, number 3, in a quantum finish!" Professor: "No fair! You changed the outcome by measuring it!"
bilsbie 3y ago
Maybe more of a capacitor than a battery. Maybe there’s a way it manages flux?
Strilanc 3y ago
If I'm reading the paper right, they're just doing a bad job of explaining measuring a qubit by phase kickback. And for some reason they're talking about batteries? When they say "indefinite causal order" what they mean is they do this: if C: do A do B if not C: do A So C determines if A happens before or after B. Personally I would never describe that as "indefinite causal order". There's a very definite order. First you do "A if C" then you do "B" then you do "A if not C". Using fancy words to describe the effects of an `if` statement doesn't change that it's an `if` statement... A key thing to understand here is kickback[1][2]. Something you get used to very quickly when learning quantum computing is that anytime you see "if C: do A" you need to understand how this might change C. The underlying issue is that in quantum mechanics all interactions are two way streets. For an "if" statement you want the condition to determine the action, without the action affecting the condition. But your building blocks fundamentally don't allow this. So any actual implementation of "if C: do A" will have what's called kickback, where an operation is applied to C depending on A. Anyways, they do this series of instructions where C appears as a condition. Then they measure C. Due to kickback, this is revealing information about the state of the battery. Sometimes it collapses to being charged. That's the paper. 1: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_phase_estimation_algorithm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_phase_estimation_algor... 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EjdngeGXWEg&t=100 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EjdngeGXWEg&t=100
- Terr_ 3y ago
  > When they say "indefinite causal order" what they mean is they do this: That reminds me of a funny presentation which is basically "if we engineered a bunch of exotic sci-fi concepts... what would the perl programs running on them look like?" More formally: "Temporally Quaquaversal Virtual Nanomachine Programming In Multiple Topologically Connected Quantum-Relativistic Parallel Timespaces... Made Easy!" - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ORjyXcLDd9M https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ORjyXcLDd9M
- amluto 3y ago
  I don't see the paper on arXiv (which is very very odd for a quantum mechanics paper), but PRL is usually legit. I don't seem to get to read PRL papers for free, though :(. In an effort to figure out what the authors are talking about, I found this earlier paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2112.03233.pdf https://arxiv.org/pdf/2112.03233.pdf I'll mostly ignore goodies like this: > In simple words, non-determinism of the quantum theory and the dynamical causal structure in general relativity may give rise to novel causal structures. What this implies is that one may expect the existence of processes whose causal order becomes indefinite in a theory of quantum gravity, the main goal of which is to reconcile the two above-mentioned solid pillars of modern physics What does this have to do with quantum gravity? Quantum mechanics plus special relativity (which don't have any of the hairy issues associated with quantum gravity) gives spacelike-separated events, which don't have a definite causal order. Anyway, the paper seems to be trying to say that one can take two qubits, operate on them locally (i.e. do quantum operations individually on each one but no joint quantum operations between them and anything else) and end up with them being entangled. Off the top of my head (haven't tried to prove it, but I suspect I could prove it very easily under reasonable assumptions), this is impossible. But the paper gets around it using a "quantum switch". This is just a plain old controlled operation with a control qubit, and it's laid out in its full generality in equation (1), which can be summarized as: [the operation being performed] = |0><0|_C ⊗ (operation on "target 1") + |1><1|_C_ ⊗ (operation on "target 2") (I've elided a whole bunch of Kraus operators, and I'm not especially happy about how they wrote it without clearly identifying which system each piece of this process acts on. Something like |0><0| ⊗ A ⊗ I + |1><1| ⊗ I ⊗ B would have been nicer, and the use of CPTP maps seems more general than needed -- plain old unitary matrices on the state vectors would be just fine.) THIS IS NOT A LOCAL OPERATION ON EACH TARGET! Even just looking at the expression, it does not decompose like X ⊗ Y ⊗ Z! "Local" means you don't do quantum stuff that extends outside the thing in question. This is a very much non-local process. You can write it like this (in which case it's a mildly restricted class of operations on three systems), or you can try to write it as a sequence of two operations, one on the control and target 1 and one on the control and target 2, in which case they had better commute if you want to continue to believe that causal order is irrelevant. But saying that you, locally, without a definite causal order, did both of these things at once, seems like a HUGE stretch. You can certainly do two things in indefinite order, and it looks like: [the result] = [what you do to target 1] ⊗ [what you do to target 2] That is not the same thing, sorry. If the order is really indefinite, then you are not allowed to set up an experiment in which you could potentially measure the order, and if you throw in a magic switch that selects the order, you can measure which order they're in (assuming you pick operations that allow this). So, no, I don't think that any local, causally disconnected things are making EPR pairs. And I'm highly unconvinced that lasers beams right next to each other, with what are presumably entangled beams, are magically charging a battery better than expected. I would at least hope to have a very clear explanation of what the claim means. (Source: I have a PhD in this stuff. And I tried to make a point of very clearly defining what I was talking about in my papers.)
_a_a_a_ 3y ago
You mean they go flat before you use them? Not, in fact, an innovation...
powera 3y ago
This is indistinguishable from gibberish. A common symptom of "quantum bullshit" articles. If they have something that isn't nonsense, they can write a better article.

deleted 3y ago

[deleted]

Filligree 3y ago

As is standard, the headline is false. “Breaks the intuitive notion of causality”, maybe.

daveguy 3y ago
Thank you. It seemed off to me too. Even the first image caption: > In the classical world, if you tried to charge a battery using two chargers, you would have to do so in sequence, limiting the available options to just two possible orders. Uhhhh. Of course you can charge in parallel, just like you can power something from batteries in parallel. How do they think a solar panel array charges a battery at a specific voltage while increasing wattage of the array? -- parallel solar panels => parallel charging. I don't know if it's a translation peculiarity or what, but the whole thing seems off.
- tessierashpool 3y ago
  it's more likely a failure of translation from scientist to journalist than from Japanese to English.
  - misnome 3y ago
    Ah, Scientist to Journalist, the classical source for the term "Hallucinations".
- gus_massa 3y ago
  I read the press release a few times and it's very confusing. The research paper is paywalled. My guess is: The "battery" is an atom that can be in the ground state or exited. The two chargers are laser, let's call them A and B A classic "battery" can go: * Empty (total = 0) -> absorb a photon from A (total = A) -> absorb a photon from B (total = A+B) or * Empty (total = 0) -> absorb a photon from B (total = B) -> absorb a photon from A (total = A+B But a quantum "battery" can go: * Empty (total = 0) -> 50% absorb a photon from A and 50% absorb a photon from B and (total = (A+B)/2) -> absorb the other photon (total = A+B) where 50%+50% is actually 1/sqrt(2)±1/sqrt(2) for technical reasons. (They are not absorbing the 50% of the photon.) I don't understand the part of the weaker charger. If the laser A and B have the same frequency/color, then it does not make sense. If they are different, it is almost obvious because fine tuning the energy of the photons in the laser to the energy of the transitions of the levels of an atom is a good idea to promote absorption. As I said, I'm guessing too much, so I'd be happy if anyone can post a better explanation.
  - howmayiannoyyou 3y ago
    Empty (total = 0) -> photon A -> charge battery element 1 & entangled battery element 2 where battery element is/are the atoms storing the charge. One cannot assume the charge will be split 50/50 because its probabilistic and how the atoms are impacted by the photos may impact charge. Also, it may be the case that - probabilistically - the charge is no better or more efficient than a classic battery. Anyway, I think this explains how a lesser charge may result in a higher stored charge.
    - gus_massa 3y ago
      It looks like they use an initial auxiliary entangled system with a state like 1/sqrt(2)A+1/sqrt(2)B and then A and B decide how the "battery" charges. So the final state of the "battery" is 1/sqrt(2)C1C2+1/sqrt(2)C2C1, that is a superposition of the two ways to charge the "battery", that is a 50% for each one.
  - wolfi1 3y ago
    there is a paper on arxiv.org which may shed some light: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.12466.pdf https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.12466.pdf
    - gus_massa 3y ago
      Not too much light :( , but let's try again: It looks like a previous work. It looks like it's a single qubit going from 0 to 1. Charger 1 is connected using the Pauli matrix σx and Charger 2 is connected using the Pauli matrix σy. σx and σy does not conmute, so using the chargers in different order get a different result. From the preprint: > A quantum switch that realizes indefinite causal order admits higher-order processes where a control qubit plays the role of determining the order of occurrence of C1 and C2. Depending on the control qubit’s initial state, infinitely many configurations become possible, e.g., when the control qubit is prepared in a coherently balanced state, the battery undergoes the charging dynamics determined by C1C2 and C2C1 in a balanced superposition. A measurement will be performed on the control qubit following the dynamical evolutions of the target system. It looks like standard superposition with strange names. IIUC they make measurements and repeat the operation, and that increase the probability that the final state of the qubit is 1. This second part may be interesting, but the unusual names make me decide to forget it.
- whoisthemachine 3y ago
  Quantum mechanics are a little dense for me, but assuming the laws of entropy have not been broken, I think this means a more efficient "concurrent" charging process, as opposed to sequentially charging. Perhaps current "parallel" charging differs in approach to this new process. > Earlier methods to charge a quantum battery involved a series of charging stages one after the other. However, here, the team instead used a novel quantum effect they call indefinite causal order, or ICO. In the classical realm, causality follows a clear path, meaning that if event A leads to event B, then the possibility of B causing A is excluded. I don't blame the authors for interpreting this as causality being broken, as most programmers know how difficult causality is to think about once you have concurrent processes in play.

aredox 3y ago

A press release dumbed down for public consumption, translated from Japanese to English, about a weird quantum effect... Hard to me more un-understandable than that.

deadbabe 3y ago

The most exciting take on this title would be using a battery before it was charged. Unfortunately no real causality is actually broken.

amelius 3y ago
Well, I am glad that no causality was broken.

vlovich123 3y ago

https://www.quantamagazine.org/quantum-mischief-rewrites-the-laws-of-cause-and-effect-20210311/ https://www.quantamagazine.org/quantum-mischief-rewrites-the... does a decent job explaining indefinite causal order. Even then, I’m still left scratching my head as to how this works and it sounds like the theory of explaining how classical causality falls out isn’t fleshed out yet & is still a work in progress.

pdonis 3y ago
> it sounds like the theory of explaining how classical causality falls out isn’t fleshed out yet & is still a work in progress Yes, that's true. One of the confusing things is that this "indefinite causal order" thing is very limited--for example, you can't use it to send actual information faster than light. It can produce correlations that seem to defy our usual intuitions about cause and effect, but to actually make use of such things, you have to wait for ordinary classical (i.e., light speed or slower) transmission of the information you need to do so. For example, in the Alice an Bob scenario at the start of the Quanta magazine article you linked to, while it's possible for Alice's dropping the plate and Bob burning himself to be correlated in ways that defy our classical intuitions, Alice can't make any use of the fact that Bob burned himself until the information from Bob reaches her at light speed or slower, and Bob can't make any use of the fact that Alice dropped the plate until the information reaches him at light speed or slower. (Btw, the article is misleading on this point, since it describes Alice as dropping the plate when she hears Bob cry out in one version, and Bob burning himself when he hears Alice drop the plate in the other version. If the Alice and Bob events are spacelike separated, which is the scenario that causes all the head scratching, these descriptions are wrong--Alice and Bob can't hear each other faster than light. A proper description would be something like: Alice drops a plate for no apparent reason, she says it just happened out of the blue before she could react; and Bob burns himself for no apparent reason, he says it just happened out of the blue before he could react; but it turns out that every time these things happen, they happen together--Alice never drops a plate without Bob burning himself, and vice versa.) So it's even possible to interpret all this as not changing our concept of "causality" at all, just putting a little quantum wrinkle in that only has limited effects.

nonrandomstring 3y ago

> Break Causality Well, they're no use if they run out before you even use them! Maybe causality operates at a different voltage?

NBJack 3y ago

"Hey, how much do you have left in the tank of our quantum powered car rental? Will we make it to LA?" "Don't you even DARE look at at the power guage! The moment you do, the observation will collapse the battery state superposition, stranding us in the middle of Nevada!"

feoren 3y ago
One of my favorite jokes from Futurama is when they're at a horse race. Announcer: "And it's a dead heat! They're checking the electron microscope ... and the winner is, number 3, in a quantum finish!" Professor: "No fair! You changed the outcome by measuring it!"

bilsbie 3y ago

Maybe more of a capacitor than a battery. Maybe there’s a way it manages flux?

Strilanc 3y ago

If I'm reading the paper right, they're just doing a bad job of explaining measuring a qubit by phase kickback. And for some reason they're talking about batteries? When they say "indefinite causal order" what they mean is they do this: if C: do A do B if not C: do A So C determines if A happens before or after B. Personally I would never describe that as "indefinite causal order". There's a very definite order. First you do "A if C" then you do "B" then you do "A if not C". Using fancy words to describe the effects of an `if` statement doesn't change that it's an `if` statement... A key thing to understand here is kickback[1][2]. Something you get used to very quickly when learning quantum computing is that anytime you see "if C: do A" you need to understand how this might change C. The underlying issue is that in quantum mechanics all interactions are two way streets. For an "if" statement you want the condition to determine the action, without the action affecting the condition. But your building blocks fundamentally don't allow this. So any actual implementation of "if C: do A" will have what's called kickback, where an operation is applied to C depending on A. Anyways, they do this series of instructions where C appears as a condition. Then they measure C. Due to kickback, this is revealing information about the state of the battery. Sometimes it collapses to being charged. That's the paper. 1: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_phase_estimation_algorithm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_phase_estimation_algor... 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EjdngeGXWEg&t=100 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EjdngeGXWEg&t=100

Terr_ 3y ago
> When they say "indefinite causal order" what they mean is they do this: That reminds me of a funny presentation which is basically "if we engineered a bunch of exotic sci-fi concepts... what would the perl programs running on them look like?" More formally: "Temporally Quaquaversal Virtual Nanomachine Programming In Multiple Topologically Connected Quantum-Relativistic Parallel Timespaces... Made Easy!" - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ORjyXcLDd9M https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ORjyXcLDd9M
amluto 3y ago
I don't see the paper on arXiv (which is very very odd for a quantum mechanics paper), but PRL is usually legit. I don't seem to get to read PRL papers for free, though :(. In an effort to figure out what the authors are talking about, I found this earlier paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2112.03233.pdf https://arxiv.org/pdf/2112.03233.pdf I'll mostly ignore goodies like this: > In simple words, non-determinism of the quantum theory and the dynamical causal structure in general relativity may give rise to novel causal structures. What this implies is that one may expect the existence of processes whose causal order becomes indefinite in a theory of quantum gravity, the main goal of which is to reconcile the two above-mentioned solid pillars of modern physics What does this have to do with quantum gravity? Quantum mechanics plus special relativity (which don't have any of the hairy issues associated with quantum gravity) gives spacelike-separated events, which don't have a definite causal order. Anyway, the paper seems to be trying to say that one can take two qubits, operate on them locally (i.e. do quantum operations individually on each one but no joint quantum operations between them and anything else) and end up with them being entangled. Off the top of my head (haven't tried to prove it, but I suspect I could prove it very easily under reasonable assumptions), this is impossible. But the paper gets around it using a "quantum switch". This is just a plain old controlled operation with a control qubit, and it's laid out in its full generality in equation (1), which can be summarized as: [the operation being performed] = |0><0|_C ⊗ (operation on "target 1") + |1><1|_C_ ⊗ (operation on "target 2") (I've elided a whole bunch of Kraus operators, and I'm not especially happy about how they wrote it without clearly identifying which system each piece of this process acts on. Something like |0><0| ⊗ A ⊗ I + |1><1| ⊗ I ⊗ B would have been nicer, and the use of CPTP maps seems more general than needed -- plain old unitary matrices on the state vectors would be just fine.) THIS IS NOT A LOCAL OPERATION ON EACH TARGET! Even just looking at the expression, it does not decompose like X ⊗ Y ⊗ Z! "Local" means you don't do quantum stuff that extends outside the thing in question. This is a very much non-local process. You can write it like this (in which case it's a mildly restricted class of operations on three systems), or you can try to write it as a sequence of two operations, one on the control and target 1 and one on the control and target 2, in which case they had better commute if you want to continue to believe that causal order is irrelevant. But saying that you, locally, without a definite causal order, did both of these things at once, seems like a HUGE stretch. You can certainly do two things in indefinite order, and it looks like: [the result] = [what you do to target 1] ⊗ [what you do to target 2] That is not the same thing, sorry. If the order is really indefinite, then you are not allowed to set up an experiment in which you could potentially measure the order, and if you throw in a magic switch that selects the order, you can measure which order they're in (assuming you pick operations that allow this). So, no, I don't think that any local, causally disconnected things are making EPR pairs. And I'm highly unconvinced that lasers beams right next to each other, with what are presumably entangled beams, are magically charging a battery better than expected. I would at least hope to have a very clear explanation of what the claim means. (Source: I have a PhD in this stuff. And I tried to make a point of very clearly defining what I was talking about in my papers.)

_a_a_a_ 3y ago

You mean they go flat before you use them? Not, in fact, an innovation...

powera 3y ago

This is indistinguishable from gibberish. A common symptom of "quantum bullshit" articles. If they have something that isn't nonsense, they can write a better article.