10 ms·

Why is the DOS path character "\"?

program 15y ago
This article remind me of my first days of C coding and the problems generated with escaped "c:\haracters in strings". After years I still think that the use of forward slash is the worst decision ever. At least Apple chose ":" on Mac OS classic.
- harshreality 15y ago
  If you're referring to \ it's a backslash not a forward slash.
  - vacri 15y ago
    In my time supporting naive endusers, it's always amused me that people at a level where they have trouble with left and right mouse buttons can remember slash and backslash like pros.
  - RegEx 15y ago
    A simple way to remember forward/backslash (which I probably read on HN) is the phrase "Backslash is by the backspace" Edit: This is for the standard US keyboard. A more general way of thinking about it, though a bit more to remember: associate "positive" with "forward", and see that '/' has a positive slope. Or just go listen to a BBC podcast, and let the sound of the broadcaster saying "bbc dot co dot uk forward-slash newspod" resonate in your head.
    - danielgrieve 15y ago
      But it isn't by the backspace... in fact it's almost the furthest from it! Probably depends on your keyboard layout though.
    - brudgers 15y ago
      Reminds me of many discussions I would have explaining how to invoke a particular DOS command to people whose MO was "dir" and then violently mashing <break> to allow themselves to page through a large directory. "File slash" and "option slash" were far less confusing than decoding the secretary's concept of "forward" and "back."
    - jodrellblank 15y ago
      On a UK keyboard, it's by left shift, making slash closer to backspace.
    - pbhjpbhj 15y ago
      Backslash is near L-Ctrl on my keyboard. Forward slash is far closer to backspace. Perhaps a better way would be to think (for L-to-R language users) of the charater toppling "forwards" / or "backwards" \ WRT the text direction.
      - pasbesoin 15y ago
        Echoing parent, in different words: English is left-to-right. (And gravity is down.) Is the slash "leaning forward" or is it "leaning backward".
    - aparadja 15y ago
      Alt-shift-7 on a Finnish Mac keyboard. Took me a while to find it the first time.
    - xxpor 15y ago
      Talking about the BBC: sometimes they say stroke instead of slash, which as an American, really confused me the first time I heard it.
    - rue 15y ago
      It doesn't really make sense. Given we use a left-to-right and up-to-down, \ can be seen slashing forward in writing direction, starting from the top, and / backward. Upslash / and downslash \ would make more sense, but this is what we have. My mnemonic is that forward and back are the opposite of what makes sense.
      - RegEx 15y ago
        There's no one right way to remember something. I'm glad you found something that works for you!
    - meepmorp 15y ago
      I think of them as pipes that are falling over. The backslash falls backward and the forward slash falls forward.
    - dlitz 15y ago
      "Forward slash" is a goofy name anyway. There are: - "slash": the character you use in English and when typing fractions; and - "backslash": the Microsoft-slash: backwards, like everything else they do. Another way to remember is that (at least on US keyboards) the slash is always in the same place (on the same key as the question mark). The backslash, being the oddity that it is, is in different places, depending on the keyboard vendor.
- mmisu 15y ago
  Fortunately today you can use string literals with most programming languages.
- yuhong 15y ago
  The comments has the story on that, which involved IBM.
PaulHoule 15y ago
The early DOS developers wanted to use "/", so it turns out the underlying OS will accept either / or \. The main trouble you have is that cmd.exe and powershell think \ is the switch character -- so as long as you're not writing programs that write shell scripts or shell out you do OK. Back when I was a Windows dev I drove the guys I worked with nuts because I used "/" instead of "\", figuring it would be more portable and I wouldn't have to write "\\" all the time. Of course, C# has @"" just to deal with that latter problem.
- torme 15y ago
  So I'm sort of nitpicking your comment here, but the purpose of @"" for verbatim strings wasn't created just to deal with directory slashes, it's just a handy way of writing string without the need for escaping in general. Also, if you really want to make portable C# code, you should use Path.DirectorySeparatorChar, as it's not platform specific at all. http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.io.path.directoryseparatorchar.aspx http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.io.path.direc...
rwmj 15y ago
In Microsoft tradition, this article completely ignores the fact that DOS was a CP/M clone bought wholesale from another company (originally called QDOS). The question is, did QDOS have / for command line switches? Or were all of these tools added (as the article implies) by Microsoft engineers later? [I didn't use QDOS, but I did use CP/M and it had the most unholy command line syntax. I don't fondly remember PIP...]
- jgrahamc 15y ago
  No, QDOS (86-DOS) did not have switches. IIRC none of the commands had any options at all. It did, however, have nice CP/M compatibility because there was a command (RDCPM?) that allowed you to read from CP/M formatted media.
- pjmlp 15y ago
  CP/M did not have directories as well.
jgrahamc 15y ago
Goes deeper than just IBM. Prior to DOS there was CP/M and CP/M had many programs with an older heritage. For example, it was possible to copy from a source (such as a file) to a destination (such as another file, or an I/O port) using a program called PIP (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_Interchange_Program http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_Interchange_Program). On CP/M, for example, you could print a file with the command (PRN: is the name of the printer device; at the time that was likely a parallel connected printer): PIP PRN:=FOO.TXT PIP itself predates CP/M having been present on machines such as the PDP-11. Wikipedia tells me that it was first implemented on the PDP-6. For example, on the PDP-10 you could do: PIP DTA1:/X=DSK:*.* which copied all the files from the disk onto tape. The /X there modifies the destination and indicates that file attributes (modification time etc.) should be preserved. PS Now my memory is fully restored from 1980s backing store I believe that CP/M actually replaced the / in PIP with single character switches inside [] and that the route to / being switches in MS-DOS most likely comes through DEC heritage from the PDP series. For example, the W switches would ignore r/o set on a file and overwrite it. This would copy all .COM files (i.e. executables) from B: to A: and overwrite without warning: PIP A:=B:*.COM[W]
- yread 15y ago
  You could still do that with copy in MS-DOS, I have a feeling my mom still does it since she has a printer on parallel port. So if she wants to print a textfile it's just copy file.txt LPT1 she can also print multiple files or results of print to file using the /b switch (binary) ignoring EOF That also explains why you shouldn't use LPT1 as file name - it was a special name that meant first parallel port. I remember seeing a ridiculing thread about it on HN some time ago
  - csamuel 15y ago
    "And that is why, in 2009, when developing in Microsoft .NET 3.5 for ASP.NET MVC 1.0 on a Windows 7 system, you cannot include /com\d(\..)?, /lpt\d(\..)?, /con(\..)?, /aux(\..)?, /prn(\..)?, or /nul(\..)? in any of your routes." Source: http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=655397 http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=655397
  - 15y ago
po 15y ago
Interestingly, if you ever come to Japan you will find many people expect path separators to be yen symbols (¥). Their windows paths look like: ¥docs¥finance¥ To understand the reason, just check out the table on the Shift-JIS encoding: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_JIS http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_JIS Specifically, look at the character at 0x5C where the backslash sits in ASCII. Learning this was one of those mind-blowing moments when you try to imagine what a world where that was normal would be like.
- rangibaby 15y ago
  Interesting! I wonder why they changed that particular character and not one that is literally everywhere in DOS. Using ¥ as backslash still works in Windows and legacy apps (in OSX option+¥ gives a "real" \.) This leads to some interesting situations: Word documents filled with ¥ where there should be \ and vice versa. By interesting I mean extremely annoying. Another caveat is that anything hardcoded to use the tilde ~ will probably break because it is mapped to a completely key on Japanese keyboards. This causes endless fun in DOSBOX or even newer games: to get the console in Doom 3 I had to edit the source and recompile it with the console key mapped to another character.
  - tangus 15y ago
    Several positions in the table ({ | } [ \ ] @) were meant for "national variants". I guess those characters were deemed unimportant at the time. Here is some more info: http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/chars.html#national-ascii http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/chars.html#national-ascii
    - po 15y ago
      Thus, the characters that appear in those positions - including those in US-ASCII - are somewhat "unsafe" in international data transfer ... Systems that support ISO Latin 1 in principle may still reflect the use of national variants of ASCII in some details; for example, an ASCII character might get printed or displayed according to some national variant. Thus, even "plain ASCII text" is thereby not always portable from one system or application to another. That's awesome! Hard to believe that systems have worked as well as they have. It's pretty obvious nobody was expecting that one day all computers would have to read each other's data pretty much constantly. So I guess the question is: why did the DOS developers pick the character that happens to vary from region to region? I guess they didn't know?
makecheck 15y ago
What bugs me is that they chose a character right next to "Return" on the keyboard. For some reason no PC keyboard has moved it. I've had embarrassing MS-DOS moments in the past where I was typing out something like a recursive-delete on a path. If you accidentally hit RETURN instead of a backslash then you can do things like blow away entire parent directories unintentionally. This didn't exactly improve my already-critical view of PCs. :)
- drucken 15y ago
  That is interesting, I have had the exact opposite experience! I have never seen a PC keyboard with the backslash anywhere other than in the bottom LEFT corner next to your left smallest/pinky finger with one exception: in Germany and France, they keyboards sometimes have backslash on the top line numerical keys.
  - darklajid 15y ago
    Germany has a really awkward position for this key. You can only reach it by hitting 'Alt Gr' (the right Alt key) and a _right_ key in the row of digits. One-handed and similar (albeit mirrored) to the US layout's access to ~. I .. switch all my keyboard to the US layout because I feel that I kill my fingers otherwise to reach {[]}| and \
- chimeracoder 15y ago
  It's funny to think of how standardized keyboards are within the US today, and yet it wasn't so long ago that you couldn't even count on the arrow keys being in the same place (or in fact, being there at all - which is why you have hjkl on Vim to this day. On the other hand, the computers at Bell Labs had an arrow key, which is why R (which is based on S) uses '<-' for assignment, as the two-character combination was enabled for compatibility reasons. And on a related note, I can't imagine how people use Vim without rebinding ESC to Caps_Lock. Given that ESC used to be where TAB currently is (and the latter is too useful to be removed), I don't really see a point in keeping the obsolescent Caps_Lock, especially when it's so irritating to keep moving the hand to the furthest corner of the keyboard.
greggman 15y ago
I've always felt the better question is "Why is the UNIX path character "/"? People use "/" as a date separator as in 12/25/1979 so effectively banning that character as a character in filenames seems a really poor choices. By that metric chosing "\" is a much better choice because "\" is used no where I know outside of computers. I've never encountered it anywhere outside of computers so arguable it's the perfect choice for a path character.
- meepmorp 15y ago
  > I've always felt the better question is "Why is the UNIX path character "/"? Just a guess, but it's probably because \ is used for character escapes in C (and the Bourne shell). Given that the history of Unix is inextricably tied to C, it kind of makes sense to use / over \ so you don't have to do lots of \\ to escape path names.
- jeltz 15y ago
  This is a good thing though since this encourages more people to use the ISO date formats. They are unambiguous, easy to parse and sort correctly
  - to3m 15y ago
    There are other uses of the slash character. It's a poor choice. _ or | get my vote, but it's a bit late now to fix the mistakes of the past. There are enough special chars needed anyway that collisions are inevitable. At least they didn't pick 'E'.
    - clhodapp 15y ago
      The problem with those characters is that they require you to hold shift to type them on a standard keyboard. Also, they make you reach in a way that / doesn't (now I'm showing my pro-/ bias).
      - pjmlp 15y ago
        On which standard keyboard? Each country has a different layout, are you aware of it? In most European countries both types of slash require two key presses.
alanh 15y ago
Argh, second word of second paragraph is “answer’s”, an attempted pluralization of “answer”? Argh! Will continue reading anyway, and will lose karma for this, but shit, does no one even read their shit after publishing anymore?
alanh 15y ago
Relevant to this, one of the most popular posts I’ve ever written: http://alanhogan.com/tips/php/directory-separator-not-necessary http://alanhogan.com/tips/php/directory-separator-not-necess...

This article remind me of my first days of C coding and the problems generated with escaped "c:\haracters in strings". After years I still think that the use of forward slash is the worst decision ever. At least Apple chose ":" on Mac OS classic.

harshreality 15y ago
If you're referring to \ it's a backslash not a forward slash.
- vacri 15y ago
  In my time supporting naive endusers, it's always amused me that people at a level where they have trouble with left and right mouse buttons can remember slash and backslash like pros.
- RegEx 15y ago
  A simple way to remember forward/backslash (which I probably read on HN) is the phrase "Backslash is by the backspace" Edit: This is for the standard US keyboard. A more general way of thinking about it, though a bit more to remember: associate "positive" with "forward", and see that '/' has a positive slope. Or just go listen to a BBC podcast, and let the sound of the broadcaster saying "bbc dot co dot uk forward-slash newspod" resonate in your head.
  - danielgrieve 15y ago
    But it isn't by the backspace... in fact it's almost the furthest from it! Probably depends on your keyboard layout though.
  - brudgers 15y ago
    Reminds me of many discussions I would have explaining how to invoke a particular DOS command to people whose MO was "dir" and then violently mashing <break> to allow themselves to page through a large directory. "File slash" and "option slash" were far less confusing than decoding the secretary's concept of "forward" and "back."
  - jodrellblank 15y ago
    On a UK keyboard, it's by left shift, making slash closer to backspace.
  - pbhjpbhj 15y ago
    Backslash is near L-Ctrl on my keyboard. Forward slash is far closer to backspace. Perhaps a better way would be to think (for L-to-R language users) of the charater toppling "forwards" / or "backwards" \ WRT the text direction.
    - pasbesoin 15y ago
      Echoing parent, in different words: English is left-to-right. (And gravity is down.) Is the slash "leaning forward" or is it "leaning backward".
  - aparadja 15y ago
    Alt-shift-7 on a Finnish Mac keyboard. Took me a while to find it the first time.
  - xxpor 15y ago
    Talking about the BBC: sometimes they say stroke instead of slash, which as an American, really confused me the first time I heard it.
  - rue 15y ago
    It doesn't really make sense. Given we use a left-to-right and up-to-down, \ can be seen slashing forward in writing direction, starting from the top, and / backward. Upslash / and downslash \ would make more sense, but this is what we have. My mnemonic is that forward and back are the opposite of what makes sense.
    - RegEx 15y ago
      There's no one right way to remember something. I'm glad you found something that works for you!
  - meepmorp 15y ago
    I think of them as pipes that are falling over. The backslash falls backward and the forward slash falls forward.
  - dlitz 15y ago
    "Forward slash" is a goofy name anyway. There are: - "slash": the character you use in English and when typing fractions; and - "backslash": the Microsoft-slash: backwards, like everything else they do. Another way to remember is that (at least on US keyboards) the slash is always in the same place (on the same key as the question mark). The backslash, being the oddity that it is, is in different places, depending on the keyboard vendor.
mmisu 15y ago
Fortunately today you can use string literals with most programming languages.
yuhong 15y ago
The comments has the story on that, which involved IBM.

PaulHoule 15y ago

The early DOS developers wanted to use "/", so it turns out the underlying OS will accept either / or \. The main trouble you have is that cmd.exe and powershell think \ is the switch character -- so as long as you're not writing programs that write shell scripts or shell out you do OK. Back when I was a Windows dev I drove the guys I worked with nuts because I used "/" instead of "\", figuring it would be more portable and I wouldn't have to write "\\" all the time. Of course, C# has @"" just to deal with that latter problem.

torme 15y ago
So I'm sort of nitpicking your comment here, but the purpose of @"" for verbatim strings wasn't created just to deal with directory slashes, it's just a handy way of writing string without the need for escaping in general. Also, if you really want to make portable C# code, you should use Path.DirectorySeparatorChar, as it's not platform specific at all. http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.io.path.directoryseparatorchar.aspx http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.io.path.direc...

rwmj 15y ago

In Microsoft tradition, this article completely ignores the fact that DOS was a CP/M clone bought wholesale from another company (originally called QDOS). The question is, did QDOS have / for command line switches? Or were all of these tools added (as the article implies) by Microsoft engineers later? [I didn't use QDOS, but I did use CP/M and it had the most unholy command line syntax. I don't fondly remember PIP...]

jgrahamc 15y ago
No, QDOS (86-DOS) did not have switches. IIRC none of the commands had any options at all. It did, however, have nice CP/M compatibility because there was a command (RDCPM?) that allowed you to read from CP/M formatted media.
pjmlp 15y ago
CP/M did not have directories as well.

jgrahamc 15y ago

Goes deeper than just IBM. Prior to DOS there was CP/M and CP/M had many programs with an older heritage. For example, it was possible to copy from a source (such as a file) to a destination (such as another file, or an I/O port) using a program called PIP (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_Interchange_Program http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_Interchange_Program). On CP/M, for example, you could print a file with the command (PRN: is the name of the printer device; at the time that was likely a parallel connected printer): PIP PRN:=FOO.TXT PIP itself predates CP/M having been present on machines such as the PDP-11. Wikipedia tells me that it was first implemented on the PDP-6. For example, on the PDP-10 you could do: PIP DTA1:/X=DSK:*.* which copied all the files from the disk onto tape. The /X there modifies the destination and indicates that file attributes (modification time etc.) should be preserved. PS Now my memory is fully restored from 1980s backing store I believe that CP/M actually replaced the / in PIP with single character switches inside [] and that the route to / being switches in MS-DOS most likely comes through DEC heritage from the PDP series. For example, the W switches would ignore r/o set on a file and overwrite it. This would copy all .COM files (i.e. executables) from B: to A: and overwrite without warning: PIP A:=B:*.COM[W]

yread 15y ago
You could still do that with copy in MS-DOS, I have a feeling my mom still does it since she has a printer on parallel port. So if she wants to print a textfile it's just copy file.txt LPT1 she can also print multiple files or results of print to file using the /b switch (binary) ignoring EOF That also explains why you shouldn't use LPT1 as file name - it was a special name that meant first parallel port. I remember seeing a ridiculing thread about it on HN some time ago
- csamuel 15y ago
  "And that is why, in 2009, when developing in Microsoft .NET 3.5 for ASP.NET MVC 1.0 on a Windows 7 system, you cannot include /com\d(\..)?, /lpt\d(\..)?, /con(\..)?, /aux(\..)?, /prn(\..)?, or /nul(\..)? in any of your routes." Source: http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=655397 http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=655397
- 15y ago

po 15y ago

Interestingly, if you ever come to Japan you will find many people expect path separators to be yen symbols (¥). Their windows paths look like: ¥docs¥finance¥ To understand the reason, just check out the table on the Shift-JIS encoding: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_JIS http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_JIS Specifically, look at the character at 0x5C where the backslash sits in ASCII. Learning this was one of those mind-blowing moments when you try to imagine what a world where that was normal would be like.

rangibaby 15y ago
Interesting! I wonder why they changed that particular character and not one that is literally everywhere in DOS. Using ¥ as backslash still works in Windows and legacy apps (in OSX option+¥ gives a "real" \.) This leads to some interesting situations: Word documents filled with ¥ where there should be \ and vice versa. By interesting I mean extremely annoying. Another caveat is that anything hardcoded to use the tilde ~ will probably break because it is mapped to a completely key on Japanese keyboards. This causes endless fun in DOSBOX or even newer games: to get the console in Doom 3 I had to edit the source and recompile it with the console key mapped to another character.
- tangus 15y ago
  Several positions in the table ({ | } [ \ ] @) were meant for "national variants". I guess those characters were deemed unimportant at the time. Here is some more info: http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/chars.html#national-ascii http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/chars.html#national-ascii
  - po 15y ago
    Thus, the characters that appear in those positions - including those in US-ASCII - are somewhat "unsafe" in international data transfer ... Systems that support ISO Latin 1 in principle may still reflect the use of national variants of ASCII in some details; for example, an ASCII character might get printed or displayed according to some national variant. Thus, even "plain ASCII text" is thereby not always portable from one system or application to another. That's awesome! Hard to believe that systems have worked as well as they have. It's pretty obvious nobody was expecting that one day all computers would have to read each other's data pretty much constantly. So I guess the question is: why did the DOS developers pick the character that happens to vary from region to region? I guess they didn't know?

makecheck 15y ago

What bugs me is that they chose a character right next to "Return" on the keyboard. For some reason no PC keyboard has moved it. I've had embarrassing MS-DOS moments in the past where I was typing out something like a recursive-delete on a path. If you accidentally hit RETURN instead of a backslash then you can do things like blow away entire parent directories unintentionally. This didn't exactly improve my already-critical view of PCs. :)

drucken 15y ago
That is interesting, I have had the exact opposite experience! I have never seen a PC keyboard with the backslash anywhere other than in the bottom LEFT corner next to your left smallest/pinky finger with one exception: in Germany and France, they keyboards sometimes have backslash on the top line numerical keys.
- darklajid 15y ago
  Germany has a really awkward position for this key. You can only reach it by hitting 'Alt Gr' (the right Alt key) and a _right_ key in the row of digits. One-handed and similar (albeit mirrored) to the US layout's access to ~. I .. switch all my keyboard to the US layout because I feel that I kill my fingers otherwise to reach {[]}| and \
chimeracoder 15y ago
It's funny to think of how standardized keyboards are within the US today, and yet it wasn't so long ago that you couldn't even count on the arrow keys being in the same place (or in fact, being there at all - which is why you have hjkl on Vim to this day. On the other hand, the computers at Bell Labs had an arrow key, which is why R (which is based on S) uses '<-' for assignment, as the two-character combination was enabled for compatibility reasons. And on a related note, I can't imagine how people use Vim without rebinding ESC to Caps_Lock. Given that ESC used to be where TAB currently is (and the latter is too useful to be removed), I don't really see a point in keeping the obsolescent Caps_Lock, especially when it's so irritating to keep moving the hand to the furthest corner of the keyboard.

greggman 15y ago

I've always felt the better question is "Why is the UNIX path character "/"? People use "/" as a date separator as in 12/25/1979 so effectively banning that character as a character in filenames seems a really poor choices. By that metric chosing "\" is a much better choice because "\" is used no where I know outside of computers. I've never encountered it anywhere outside of computers so arguable it's the perfect choice for a path character.

meepmorp 15y ago
> I've always felt the better question is "Why is the UNIX path character "/"? Just a guess, but it's probably because \ is used for character escapes in C (and the Bourne shell). Given that the history of Unix is inextricably tied to C, it kind of makes sense to use / over \ so you don't have to do lots of \\ to escape path names.
jeltz 15y ago
This is a good thing though since this encourages more people to use the ISO date formats. They are unambiguous, easy to parse and sort correctly
- to3m 15y ago
  There are other uses of the slash character. It's a poor choice. _ or | get my vote, but it's a bit late now to fix the mistakes of the past. There are enough special chars needed anyway that collisions are inevitable. At least they didn't pick 'E'.
  - clhodapp 15y ago
    The problem with those characters is that they require you to hold shift to type them on a standard keyboard. Also, they make you reach in a way that / doesn't (now I'm showing my pro-/ bias).
    - pjmlp 15y ago
      On which standard keyboard? Each country has a different layout, are you aware of it? In most European countries both types of slash require two key presses.

alanh 15y ago

Argh, second word of second paragraph is “answer’s”, an attempted pluralization of “answer”? Argh! Will continue reading anyway, and will lose karma for this, but shit, does no one even read their shit after publishing anymore?

alanh 15y ago

Relevant to this, one of the most popular posts I’ve ever written: http://alanhogan.com/tips/php/directory-separator-not-necessary http://alanhogan.com/tips/php/directory-separator-not-necess...