Don't forget- the Dutch and Porteguese both had limited trading outposts (basically monopolies, but incredibly restricted). See https://iisg.nl/exhibitions/jap

Don't forget- the Dutch and Porteguese both had limited trading outposts (basically monopolies, but incredibly restricted). See https://iisg.nl/exhibitions/japaneseprints/ships.html https://iisg.nl/exhibitions/japaneseprints/ships.html and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejima https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejima