In the case of Paris, it could also just be that the population of metro-Paris isn't actually growing much. Toronto's population is growing at double the rate

In the case of Paris, it could also just be that the population of metro-Paris isn't actually growing much. Toronto's population is growing at double the rate of Paris. And London, Stockholm, and Sydney's populations are growing even faster than Toronto. No surprise that faster growing populations lead to worse housing supply issues.