Potentially yes, realistically no. This is the old "if the storage controller is lying about flushing to disk, there's not a lot you can do about it" problem.

Potentially yes, realistically no. This is the old "if the storage controller is lying about flushing to disk, there's not a lot you can do about it" problem. ZFS does have defensive mechanisms, like doing a read after write to try and be sure that what is written is actually committed to disk, but if the storage controller chooses to serve that out of cache then that could be a lie too. It's the old "trusting trust" predicament, there's no way for hardware higher in the stack to prove that lower levels aren't simply a tower of lies, only instead of viruses it's flush. That said, in practice very little hardware is actually a giant tower of lies. Flash drives typically do not have enough of a controller to actually cache anything, thus no real capability to lie about writes/etc. SSDs do, but they also generally obey the expected behavior around flushing actually flushing and not just lying about it. RAID controllers and similar are the danger zone, because they may have cache and may lie to the CPU about it on the assumption that it actually will eventually be flushed, and that's the dangerous thing.