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Game theory article from a professional Starcraft player/caster.

patio11 15y ago
My little brother, quoting a noted SC personality: when you're ahead, get more ahead. It is probably the most important strategic lesson in the game: if you have a temporary 5 pct material advantage, you can still easily get outplayed if you force a fight. Better to turn that into a 10 pct material advantage, etc, and force a fight only after you've already won. The other game I play a lot of is League of Legends, and sadly the community around my skill level has not learned this gospel yet. If it looks like we have 30 seconds of advantage, the team of 5 almost invariably either does nothing or goes for a decapitating stroke whose downside risk is loss. A better tactic is probably "Get more ahead so we win the next skirmish, too, snowballing until we win by concession or overwhelming force."
- mbateman 15y ago
  Your brother is quoting the author of this article, in fact.
  - axxl 15y ago
    I thought he was quoting Dan 'Artosis' Stemkoski? Although both Day9 and Artosis are great analytical commentators and have a great knowledge of the game, but I believe Day9 usually cites Artosis on this.
    - endtime 15y ago
      Yep, that's Artosis's line, not Day[9]'s.
  - deleted 15y ago
    [deleted]
- fishtastic 15y ago
  As someone who's been watching professional Korean SC competition for almost 10 years, the strategy described by your brother can be found from many high class players. Unlike Warcraft3 or other RTS, units in SC have very low health. Even if you have 5% more units, you can easily lose a fight within seconds from bad unit control, bad fighting position or just bad luck. It's never a good idea to attack just because you have 5% more units. Good players will continue play cautiously to make sure the opponent never gets a chance to take those 5% back. In the end, they win by the accumulated bits of advantages from various battles or economy advantages. You don't always need an glorious "final battle" to win the game, as long as your advantage is big enough (say 50%), you opponent will know that he lost and leave the game. This is probably why SC has become very popular and still remains very popular. There are constant conflicts throughout the game trying to increase or take back the small advantages.
  - jamesturn 15y ago
    For the Starcraft watcher/spectator's counterpart of the article, there is the University of Washington Starcraft spectators study: http://jeffhuang.com/Final_StarcraftSpectator_CHI11.pdf http://jeffhuang.com/Final_StarcraftSpectator_CHI11.pdf They explain the many types of people that watch Starcraft, and that Starcraft games are fun to watch because of "Information Asymmetry"
- feral 15y ago
  "Sun Tzu said: The good fighters of old first put themselves beyond the possibility of defeat, and then waited for an opportunity of defeating the enemy. To secure ourselves against defeat lies in our own hands, but the opportunity of defeating the enemy is provided by the enemy himself. [...] Hence the skillful fighter puts himself into a position which makes defeat impossible, and does not miss the moment for defeating the enemy." * * * * * I think the spirit of what is being said in 'The Art of War', is the same principle that's being discussed in the article: Don't rush into striking before you are sure of victory, and lose everything; instead use the advantage to build yourself into an invincible position, with less risk. * * * * * 'The Art of War' has been around a long time. If there's a lesson here, its that strategy gamers might benefit from doing some reading. I liked the article, and thought it was good; but it comes across that the author has no education in either (economic) game theory, or the study of game playing AI (e.g. minimax, search based AI techniques like you'd see in a chess AI etc). (Two related, but sometimes separate fields). Which is fine - but there's a lot of good work in those fields, that strategy gamers, that seek to understand games analytically, as well as intuitively, would do well to read.
  - SkyMarshal 15y ago
    Sun Tzu was my first thought as well: "The pinnacle of military excellence is not to win one hundred victories in one hundred battles. It is to subjugate your enemy without fighting." Eg, to have the foresight and strategy to circumscribe and constrain your adversary's degrees of freedom until the only one left is capitulation. Pretty cool that there are videogames rich enough for that to be applicable.
  - ido 15y ago
    If there's a lesson here, its that strategy gamers might benefit from doing some reading. You have to play sc2 or similar games for years before that kind of advice becomes applicable (since there is so much basic skill to pick up before the game becomes that strategic), and by the time you know the game well enough to find the correct analogy to something written in The Art of War you've probably already discovered it yourself. In short, I think there are very few if any sc2 players that would benefit (in terms of improving their game at least) from reading The Art of War.
- michaeldhopkins 15y ago
  What's your Elo?
  - patio11 15y ago
    Suffice it to say that if this whole entrepreneurship thing doesn't work out, my odds of supporting myself through professional gaming are even worse than everyone else's.
    - michaeldhopkins 15y ago
      Don't feel bad. I'm a cool 900.
- waterhouse 15y ago
  The flip side of this is that if you are down by a little bit, you should not allow your opponent to slowly and confidently increase his advantage (unless you think he'll make little mistakes and lose the advantage; that would probably mean you're better than him, and we're probably not talking about that situation). Instead, you should force a big risky fight in which your opponent has a substantial chance of losing, if that's possible. Along similar lines, chess grandmaster John Nunn wrote, in Secrets of Practical Chess, that when you are down, you have two basic strategies: "grim defense" and "create confusion". If you are, say, a pawn down, it may still be possible to draw if you make no mistakes; your opponent will have to work hard to force a win, and he may even get impatient and try to win quickly with a risky strategy; this is "grim defense". If that strategy is unappealing (if his advantage is simple to consolidate and exploit, or if you don't feel like slow and careful defense), then you may opt to do risky things to create complicated, high-stakes positions and hope your opponent makes a mistake; this is "create confusion".
- nickknw 15y ago
  Didn't know you were interested in SC at all, patrick. Would you like to play some time? I'm a platinum zerg, and don't play super often, but really enjoy the game. My email is on my HN profile if you are interested.
kylek 15y ago
For those that aren't familiar with it, the teamliquid.net forum typically has very high-quality posts (i.e. heavily moderated) and a great resource for anyone interested in e-sports. I recommend you check out the front page if you haven't before.
herTTTz 15y ago
As many of the sc2 players here might know, the guy who wrote this (day9) is one of the famous person in esports right now. He used to be a professional player of sc, but since sc2 appeared (2010) he dedicated to analyze the game, and has even a daily show about it. The interesting thing about starcraft is that it's played _so_ much (in s. korea is a profession, kids actually go to live in "pro houses" were they play all day), that the game has/is evolving to a point where every little thing matters. In the highest levels, you can't really fight a straight up battle and hope to win, it's a game of getting little advantages (like removing %1 of his income) and trying to get ahead, and push those advantages much later on. Increasing your economy, building up you army, the execution and management of your units in the fight, everything counts.
- endtime 15y ago
  The game is played at a high level, sure, but I'd call this a slight exaggeration. 1% of a player's income is less than a single worker even in the late game (when most players have around 70 workers), and a single worker kill never really makes a huge difference.
  - jarin 15y ago
    Killing a single mining worker can make a difference very early in the game if they're using a very timing-heavy strategy, but that's really only at the very tip-top levels of play.
  - jtchang 15y ago
    Depends when the kill is. A single worker from your initial 6? Big problem.
    - endtime 15y ago
      You can't even get a scout worker to your opponent's base before they're up to 9-10 workers or more on most maps. Anyway, killing one worker of 6 is 17% of someone's economy, not 1%.
jarin 15y ago
Sean "Day[9]" Plott (the author of the article) is probably the best analytical Starcraft II caster around. His "Day[9] Dailies" cover everything from the absolute fundamentals ("here's how you set up your hotkeys, here's how you keep your money low") to more advanced topics like build orders, expanding, tactics, and micro. He also throws in "Funday Mondays", where beginner and experienced players alike try to win with unorthodox constraints (usually with funny and/or insightful results). Bronze league matches often end up being a contest of who can win with the first rush or the earliest "cheese", but most pro-level play does end up being a careful balance between aggression, defense, and expansion. The winner is usually the one who can stay just slightly ahead of their opponent until they can seize a clear advantage.
- makmanalp 15y ago
  Slightly unrelated but Day9 also had a really good daily on what it is to dedicate yourself to something for a very long time. Great bits and pieces for any entrepreneur and worth watching if you even know anything about starcraft: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJztfsXKcPQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJztfsXKcPQ Edit: 0:28:45 - On strategy and execution
  - Periodic 15y ago
    I really enjoyed watching that, though not really from the standpoint of an entrepreneur. What I really took from that video was how important a support structure is. It sounds like he wouldn't have gone as far as he did without his brother and mother being behind him 100% for years. Every time he had a failure, there were people there to help him get past it and learn from it instead of getting discouraged. He gained this support structure by being so passionate about his game that he made his mother believe in him.
    - makmanalp 15y ago
      > Every time he had a failure, there were people there to help him get past it and learn from it instead of getting discouraged. > being so passionate about <x> that he made <y> believe in him IMHO, this sounds like two pieces of sage advice for entrepreneurs already :)
edsrzf 15y ago
If I remember correctly from my college AI days, thinking about upcoming turns and minimizing your opponent's gains is called minimax: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimax http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimax I'm surprised that there was only one AI in the competition that did this. We were all expected to use this strategy in my class. Once everybody's figured this out, it becomes a game of: - Who can think ahead the most turns? - Who has the best "am I winning?" heuristic function? (For Mancala this function is fairly obvious, but for many games it's not.)
- gcp 15y ago
  I agree, the Mancala backstory sounds quite strange and unbelievable. To me it looks like it's made up (maybe partly on some vague recollection of the author) to serve as an introduction for the rest of the article. The behavior of AI programming winning by 1 point does exist in real life for Monte-Carlo based agents calculating winning probabilities. You can see it in computer go games.
  - andfarm 15y ago
    It's almost certainly based on the author's experience in Harvey Mudd's CS 151 (Artificial Intelligence) course, in which developing a Mancala AI is a standard project.
    - sireat 15y ago
      I believe Day 9 did indeed get his masters this year from Harvey Mudd. (original article was written 4 years ago)
      - andfarm 15y ago
        Harvey Mudd doesn't have a masters program -- I'm pretty sure he graduated in 2008. I lived across the hall from him at one point. :)
      - eavc 15y ago
        Masters this year from USC, undergrad at Hervey Mudd.
deleted 15y ago
[deleted]
seri 15y ago
Day9 hosted an event called The After Hours Gaming League in which eight tech companies will compete each other for charity. The event has just finished its first season with team Microsoft crushing everyone else. Zynga is the runner up and Google claimed third place. Games: http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=ahgl http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=ahgl Homepage: http://afterhoursgaming.tv/ http://afterhoursgaming.tv/ There are a number of interesting game theory articles on competitive Starcraft. This is one: http://www.teamliquid.net/forum/viewmessage.php?topic_id=258566&currentpage=125#2488 http://www.teamliquid.net/forum/viewmessage.php?topic_id=258... (and my comment to it: https://plus.google.com/116918963723558831013/posts/A8DRTY11MYQ https://plus.google.com/116918963723558831013/posts/A8DRTY11...).
- ralfd 15y ago
  I was really impressed how Microsoft steamrolled everyone!
  - seri 15y ago
    I was less impressed with Microsoft's performance than their team spirit. After all, the mere fact that MSFT has way more employees than the other teams already means that they should be stronger. However, I was surprised that they set up an internal league to select who will get to play, and that there were many MSFT people watching together live on the grand finals day. It just seems like they take fun seriously (to quote Day9 himself), and that's pretty cool IMO.
- guildchatter 15y ago
  Anybody want to start a YC or HN league? =]
frankiewarren 15y ago
The author stated, "Third, a good competitive game should test a player’s skills and minimize the element of chance or luck. Ideally, the probability of a weak player defeating a good player should be as close to zero as possible." Do you think this is always the case? I'm thinking about texas hold 'em, which has short-term variability but the stronger players win over the long run with a better strategy. Does chance have a place in competitive gaming?
- lionhearted 15y ago
  The relevant quote here is, "People don't gamble on Chess." A luck element lets players of uneven skill feel engaged. Even better is a great handicapping system like Go has, but that's notoriously hard to design. Chess is a great game at certain skill levels and has a lot of beauty to it, but games with enough of a skill difference aren't really interesting for either player unless the better player is teaching/mentoring. So yeah, luck has some place in letting different people (and even gamble) together.
  - frankiewarren 15y ago
    I guess there wouldn't be any incentive for weaker players to bet if they were guaranteed to lose money every game! I find that issue with chess... I'm better than my friends (who have only played a handful of times) but get smoked online or by serious players.
  - erikb 15y ago
    I know some people who actually gamble on chess. The thing is, that even with a perfect game (not saying that chess is perfect) you still have the human factors involved. The spirit, the concentration of both players today, the pressure involved when betting money or playing in front of observers. There is still a lot of margin left.
- azernik 15y ago
  In Texas Hold 'Em, competitive matches are rarely decided in a single hand; rather, they are played out over many hands through the course of a day. When you average out over dozens of hands, a substantially worse player actually does have an almost zero chance of besting a superior player.
jaredmck 15y ago
This marginal advantage strategy is also well demonstrated in professional tennis. When you are in control of the rally, going for a shot which maintains your offensive position, with the potential to slightly extend your lead within the rally, is best. Often the defensive player will go for a huge winner if they are getting tired or are so out of position as to be unable to recover by hitting several good marginal defensive shots to get the point back to a neutral position. But if you watch the best players, they all have skills which gain or erase the most marginal advantages.
- ralfd 15y ago
  Tennis, yes! And I would guess also Basketball and other games with small but many incremental scoring. I read some time an article in which was argued, that this is a fundamental difference in Soccer compared to other team sports. As there is often only 1-2 goals in Soccer a Toss-up between a top team and an underdog is more likely. It is even often the case that a team is playing dominating but they lose anyhow, because the weaker team is getting lucky and stumples the ball in the goal. This keeps the sport fresh and interesting and is seen by fans as a virtue. The randomness is then cancelled out over the season and marginal advantage is important in competition for the league championship.
bz 15y ago
The concepts outlined are pretty good, but I want to make a counterpoint against heuristics in general. Distilled ideas like these are certainly useful for trying to grasp a complex system, but they do not, for the non-expert player, represent game knowledge. Let me explain why. The pitfall for the average viewer/player is to take these mantras and apply them directly to what they see. They see a game where T apparently overcommits after winning an engagement at his 3rd, and wonder why he didn't take a 4th instead. Surely, this is a mistake of not getting more ahead! An expert player might look at the same scenario and see an entirely different picture. The problem was that he scanned a 15m timing instead of a 17m timing for the Hive, so he was actually behind in that engagement (he should have decisively won with the Z's gas locked up elsewhere!). And that Broodlords would be due out in 2 production cycles, but it takes 3m for him to break-even on the new mine, and he would miss the window to secure enough of an advantage to push the game into a low-econ trade phase. My point is that real game understanding is extremely specific. It's all about the actual state and timing. To go back to the article, that's where the marginal advantages are gained - by understanding and controlling how these extremely specific scenarios play out. The larger ideas about strategy that everyone loves fall out from the analyses of these interactions. But "getting" the general idea isn't the same as actually _getting_ it when you work out these scenarios and timings yourself from extensive playing/testing. So heuristics are really only part of the picture, the much larger part is a precise understanding of the system at work.
- seri 15y ago
  That was awesome, sir. I love the attention to details in the scenario you described and your analysis. I only picked up the hobby of watching Starcraft about 6 months ago (I watch more Broodwar than Starcraft II), but I used to play a lot, albeit at an amateur level. I watched popular casters like diggity, Klazart, Nuke, and moletrap. However, sometimes I don't quite understand why the winner wins even though I have consumed a lot of theories in advance, perhaps for the exact reason you just pointed out. There are good comments on Team Liquid every now and then but the site is hard to browse with 100 pages on average for a popular game. Do you write game analysis like this somewhere, or do you know where I can read something similar?
  - 15y ago
marcamillion 15y ago
Am I the only one that thought this post would have been about Economic Game Theory? - http://www.dklevine.com/general/whatis.htm http://www.dklevine.com/general/whatis.htm Very nice read though. Day9 is right. The best players all seem to have a knack for maintaining a marginal advantage or taking a small one and getting a bigger advantage.
leon_ 15y ago
So much time and resources wasted on a game. My heart bleeds.
roel_v 15y ago
Note that this article isn't on game theory, but on game design theory (i.e., 'game' as in 'computer game').
popisdead 15y ago
this is a life lesson, not a game design theory lesson!
metatronscube 15y ago
Not Game Theory really, but Ender Wiggin has some good points...pitty its just a game.
d0m 15y ago
I browse hacker news and reddit/r/starcraft each day.. I love when an article appears on both :) A perfect mix between hacker-ness and gamer-ness.
d0m 15y ago
So much stuff can be learned from sc/sc2 to apply in your life. Things from accepting defeat and understanding your mistakes, to know how to fight strategically. (By fight I mean it in a very vague way; Fight for a girl, Fight for a new job, etc.)
d0m 15y ago
In my opinion, the most important concept to understand is "Timing windows". Vs a equally skilled player, you can't have all the advantages. Understanding the imbalances of a current situation - and taking advantage of it - is really what differentiate beginners from great players. Sometime, in a game of 30mins, there's only a few seconds where you have the upper hand.. and this is where you need to attack. Miss that moment (from a couple of seconds!!) and you lose. Go a little bit before, and you lose!
monkeypizza 15y ago
The new 4-5dan go-playing bots on kgs (zen19d, crazystone) use this strategy extensively. When they're ahead they play to consolidate their biggest weakness, and when they're behind they play more and more risky moves to try to come back. In the endgame the calculate the score exactly, and will play negative point value moves as long as they are ahead on the board. It makes for a really tough game, cause if you do get ahead, you have to face a series of attacks which almost but don't quite work, and if you mess up any of them it's over.
- huherto 15y ago
  Interesting. I don't really know much about basket ball. But I have noticed something similar. In the last seconds of the game, the loosing team will try riskier moves. (Forcing penalties and throwing from the three point line). It is like playing roulette.
- tripzilch 15y ago
  Yeah I read the advice in this article years ago in a beginner's Go tutorial, something about "you just need one more point than the opponent to win". Lot of little zen-like lessons in learning that game, is why I love it.
- Read_the_Genes 15y ago
  Interesting that they use this strategy. Essentially, high variance is good when the expected value of the game is negative. It increases the chances of success in a bad situation. The maths of this can be found in the article "A Rule of Thumb (not only) for Gamblers." Currently, this article is available free here: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.55.3467 http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.55.3...
- aidos 15y ago
  My Go teacher once told me that the truely great players will hold a game in near perfect balance throughout. Concerningy, are the computers really at 4 dan now? I ain't never going to beat the machines.
  - 15y ago
lobo_tuerto 15y ago
There is no _Game theory_ mentioned anywhere in the article, but _Competitive game design theory_. Title should be changed to reflect that as to not bring confusion about it referring to the broad (and complex) Game theory subject.
wtvanhest 15y ago
I just read all the comments because the author states that one program collects the maximum amount of stones, and another competitor's program figured out how to collect an additional stone. Does this not make sense to anyone else? Can someone please explain it to me?
- Tichy 15y ago
  Maybe the "one more stone" strategy leaves more options to the decider algorith and is therefore less likely to get stuck in a local maximum that ultimately leads to a loss.
- colanderman 15y ago
  My understanding was that the competitor's program collected a strategic number of stones N in such a way which forced the other program to be able to collect at most N-1 stones on its next turn. I'm not familiar with the rules of Mancala but I presume they allow for strategies such as this.
- kluge 15y ago
  There's a difference between collecting the maximum amount of stones and collecting more stones than the opponent. I suspect the winning program also tries to minimize the stones the opponent will be able to collect, thus preserving its marginal advantage. Edit: Apparently colanderman beat me to it.
CosmicShadow 15y ago
great article, good reminders of how to build a great competitive game, which is applicable to me!
Triumvark 15y ago
This article correctly notes that those in the lead should play to conservatively extend their marginal advantage. The corollary, for those in behind, is that they should attempt more gambits. The principles of variance are strange. Sometimes, if you're in behind, you reduce your chance of losing by adopting what looks like a "losing" strategy (according to naive expected value calculations). With a wild all-or-nothing strategy, your chance of winning from behind likely won't exceed 50%, but by acting more like the 'risky amateur,' you might up your chances from 10% to 30%.

My little brother, quoting a noted SC personality: when you're ahead, get more ahead. It is probably the most important strategic lesson in the game: if you have a temporary 5 pct material advantage, you can still easily get outplayed if you force a fight. Better to turn that into a 10 pct material advantage, etc, and force a fight only after you've already won. The other game I play a lot of is League of Legends, and sadly the community around my skill level has not learned this gospel yet. If it looks like we have 30 seconds of advantage, the team of 5 almost invariably either does nothing or goes for a decapitating stroke whose downside risk is loss. A better tactic is probably "Get more ahead so we win the next skirmish, too, snowballing until we win by concession or overwhelming force."

mbateman 15y ago
Your brother is quoting the author of this article, in fact.
- axxl 15y ago
  I thought he was quoting Dan 'Artosis' Stemkoski? Although both Day9 and Artosis are great analytical commentators and have a great knowledge of the game, but I believe Day9 usually cites Artosis on this.
  - endtime 15y ago
    Yep, that's Artosis's line, not Day[9]'s.
- deleted 15y ago
  [deleted]
fishtastic 15y ago
As someone who's been watching professional Korean SC competition for almost 10 years, the strategy described by your brother can be found from many high class players. Unlike Warcraft3 or other RTS, units in SC have very low health. Even if you have 5% more units, you can easily lose a fight within seconds from bad unit control, bad fighting position or just bad luck. It's never a good idea to attack just because you have 5% more units. Good players will continue play cautiously to make sure the opponent never gets a chance to take those 5% back. In the end, they win by the accumulated bits of advantages from various battles or economy advantages. You don't always need an glorious "final battle" to win the game, as long as your advantage is big enough (say 50%), you opponent will know that he lost and leave the game. This is probably why SC has become very popular and still remains very popular. There are constant conflicts throughout the game trying to increase or take back the small advantages.
- jamesturn 15y ago
  For the Starcraft watcher/spectator's counterpart of the article, there is the University of Washington Starcraft spectators study: http://jeffhuang.com/Final_StarcraftSpectator_CHI11.pdf http://jeffhuang.com/Final_StarcraftSpectator_CHI11.pdf They explain the many types of people that watch Starcraft, and that Starcraft games are fun to watch because of "Information Asymmetry"
feral 15y ago
"Sun Tzu said: The good fighters of old first put themselves beyond the possibility of defeat, and then waited for an opportunity of defeating the enemy. To secure ourselves against defeat lies in our own hands, but the opportunity of defeating the enemy is provided by the enemy himself. [...] Hence the skillful fighter puts himself into a position which makes defeat impossible, and does not miss the moment for defeating the enemy." * * * * * I think the spirit of what is being said in 'The Art of War', is the same principle that's being discussed in the article: Don't rush into striking before you are sure of victory, and lose everything; instead use the advantage to build yourself into an invincible position, with less risk. * * * * * 'The Art of War' has been around a long time. If there's a lesson here, its that strategy gamers might benefit from doing some reading. I liked the article, and thought it was good; but it comes across that the author has no education in either (economic) game theory, or the study of game playing AI (e.g. minimax, search based AI techniques like you'd see in a chess AI etc). (Two related, but sometimes separate fields). Which is fine - but there's a lot of good work in those fields, that strategy gamers, that seek to understand games analytically, as well as intuitively, would do well to read.
- SkyMarshal 15y ago
  Sun Tzu was my first thought as well: "The pinnacle of military excellence is not to win one hundred victories in one hundred battles. It is to subjugate your enemy without fighting." Eg, to have the foresight and strategy to circumscribe and constrain your adversary's degrees of freedom until the only one left is capitulation. Pretty cool that there are videogames rich enough for that to be applicable.
- ido 15y ago
  If there's a lesson here, its that strategy gamers might benefit from doing some reading. You have to play sc2 or similar games for years before that kind of advice becomes applicable (since there is so much basic skill to pick up before the game becomes that strategic), and by the time you know the game well enough to find the correct analogy to something written in The Art of War you've probably already discovered it yourself. In short, I think there are very few if any sc2 players that would benefit (in terms of improving their game at least) from reading The Art of War.
michaeldhopkins 15y ago
What's your Elo?
- patio11 15y ago
  Suffice it to say that if this whole entrepreneurship thing doesn't work out, my odds of supporting myself through professional gaming are even worse than everyone else's.
  - michaeldhopkins 15y ago
    Don't feel bad. I'm a cool 900.
waterhouse 15y ago
The flip side of this is that if you are down by a little bit, you should not allow your opponent to slowly and confidently increase his advantage (unless you think he'll make little mistakes and lose the advantage; that would probably mean you're better than him, and we're probably not talking about that situation). Instead, you should force a big risky fight in which your opponent has a substantial chance of losing, if that's possible. Along similar lines, chess grandmaster John Nunn wrote, in Secrets of Practical Chess, that when you are down, you have two basic strategies: "grim defense" and "create confusion". If you are, say, a pawn down, it may still be possible to draw if you make no mistakes; your opponent will have to work hard to force a win, and he may even get impatient and try to win quickly with a risky strategy; this is "grim defense". If that strategy is unappealing (if his advantage is simple to consolidate and exploit, or if you don't feel like slow and careful defense), then you may opt to do risky things to create complicated, high-stakes positions and hope your opponent makes a mistake; this is "create confusion".
nickknw 15y ago
Didn't know you were interested in SC at all, patrick. Would you like to play some time? I'm a platinum zerg, and don't play super often, but really enjoy the game. My email is on my HN profile if you are interested.

kylek 15y ago

For those that aren't familiar with it, the teamliquid.net forum typically has very high-quality posts (i.e. heavily moderated) and a great resource for anyone interested in e-sports. I recommend you check out the front page if you haven't before.

herTTTz 15y ago

As many of the sc2 players here might know, the guy who wrote this (day9) is one of the famous person in esports right now. He used to be a professional player of sc, but since sc2 appeared (2010) he dedicated to analyze the game, and has even a daily show about it. The interesting thing about starcraft is that it's played _so_ much (in s. korea is a profession, kids actually go to live in "pro houses" were they play all day), that the game has/is evolving to a point where every little thing matters. In the highest levels, you can't really fight a straight up battle and hope to win, it's a game of getting little advantages (like removing %1 of his income) and trying to get ahead, and push those advantages much later on. Increasing your economy, building up you army, the execution and management of your units in the fight, everything counts.

endtime 15y ago
The game is played at a high level, sure, but I'd call this a slight exaggeration. 1% of a player's income is less than a single worker even in the late game (when most players have around 70 workers), and a single worker kill never really makes a huge difference.
- jarin 15y ago
  Killing a single mining worker can make a difference very early in the game if they're using a very timing-heavy strategy, but that's really only at the very tip-top levels of play.
- jtchang 15y ago
  Depends when the kill is. A single worker from your initial 6? Big problem.
  - endtime 15y ago
    You can't even get a scout worker to your opponent's base before they're up to 9-10 workers or more on most maps. Anyway, killing one worker of 6 is 17% of someone's economy, not 1%.

jarin 15y ago

Sean "Day[9]" Plott (the author of the article) is probably the best analytical Starcraft II caster around. His "Day[9] Dailies" cover everything from the absolute fundamentals ("here's how you set up your hotkeys, here's how you keep your money low") to more advanced topics like build orders, expanding, tactics, and micro. He also throws in "Funday Mondays", where beginner and experienced players alike try to win with unorthodox constraints (usually with funny and/or insightful results). Bronze league matches often end up being a contest of who can win with the first rush or the earliest "cheese", but most pro-level play does end up being a careful balance between aggression, defense, and expansion. The winner is usually the one who can stay just slightly ahead of their opponent until they can seize a clear advantage.

makmanalp 15y ago
Slightly unrelated but Day9 also had a really good daily on what it is to dedicate yourself to something for a very long time. Great bits and pieces for any entrepreneur and worth watching if you even know anything about starcraft: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJztfsXKcPQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJztfsXKcPQ Edit: 0:28:45 - On strategy and execution
- Periodic 15y ago
  I really enjoyed watching that, though not really from the standpoint of an entrepreneur. What I really took from that video was how important a support structure is. It sounds like he wouldn't have gone as far as he did without his brother and mother being behind him 100% for years. Every time he had a failure, there were people there to help him get past it and learn from it instead of getting discouraged. He gained this support structure by being so passionate about his game that he made his mother believe in him.
  - makmanalp 15y ago
    > Every time he had a failure, there were people there to help him get past it and learn from it instead of getting discouraged. > being so passionate about <x> that he made <y> believe in him IMHO, this sounds like two pieces of sage advice for entrepreneurs already :)

edsrzf 15y ago

If I remember correctly from my college AI days, thinking about upcoming turns and minimizing your opponent's gains is called minimax: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimax http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimax I'm surprised that there was only one AI in the competition that did this. We were all expected to use this strategy in my class. Once everybody's figured this out, it becomes a game of: - Who can think ahead the most turns? - Who has the best "am I winning?" heuristic function? (For Mancala this function is fairly obvious, but for many games it's not.)

gcp 15y ago
I agree, the Mancala backstory sounds quite strange and unbelievable. To me it looks like it's made up (maybe partly on some vague recollection of the author) to serve as an introduction for the rest of the article. The behavior of AI programming winning by 1 point does exist in real life for Monte-Carlo based agents calculating winning probabilities. You can see it in computer go games.
- andfarm 15y ago
  It's almost certainly based on the author's experience in Harvey Mudd's CS 151 (Artificial Intelligence) course, in which developing a Mancala AI is a standard project.
  - sireat 15y ago
    I believe Day 9 did indeed get his masters this year from Harvey Mudd. (original article was written 4 years ago)
    - andfarm 15y ago
      Harvey Mudd doesn't have a masters program -- I'm pretty sure he graduated in 2008. I lived across the hall from him at one point. :)
    - eavc 15y ago
      Masters this year from USC, undergrad at Hervey Mudd.

deleted 15y ago

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seri 15y ago

Day9 hosted an event called The After Hours Gaming League in which eight tech companies will compete each other for charity. The event has just finished its first season with team Microsoft crushing everyone else. Zynga is the runner up and Google claimed third place. Games: http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=ahgl http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=ahgl Homepage: http://afterhoursgaming.tv/ http://afterhoursgaming.tv/ There are a number of interesting game theory articles on competitive Starcraft. This is one: http://www.teamliquid.net/forum/viewmessage.php?topic_id=258566&currentpage=125#2488 http://www.teamliquid.net/forum/viewmessage.php?topic_id=258... (and my comment to it: https://plus.google.com/116918963723558831013/posts/A8DRTY11MYQ https://plus.google.com/116918963723558831013/posts/A8DRTY11...).

ralfd 15y ago
I was really impressed how Microsoft steamrolled everyone!
- seri 15y ago
  I was less impressed with Microsoft's performance than their team spirit. After all, the mere fact that MSFT has way more employees than the other teams already means that they should be stronger. However, I was surprised that they set up an internal league to select who will get to play, and that there were many MSFT people watching together live on the grand finals day. It just seems like they take fun seriously (to quote Day9 himself), and that's pretty cool IMO.
guildchatter 15y ago
Anybody want to start a YC or HN league? =]

frankiewarren 15y ago

The author stated, "Third, a good competitive game should test a player’s skills and minimize the element of chance or luck. Ideally, the probability of a weak player defeating a good player should be as close to zero as possible." Do you think this is always the case? I'm thinking about texas hold 'em, which has short-term variability but the stronger players win over the long run with a better strategy. Does chance have a place in competitive gaming?

lionhearted 15y ago
The relevant quote here is, "People don't gamble on Chess." A luck element lets players of uneven skill feel engaged. Even better is a great handicapping system like Go has, but that's notoriously hard to design. Chess is a great game at certain skill levels and has a lot of beauty to it, but games with enough of a skill difference aren't really interesting for either player unless the better player is teaching/mentoring. So yeah, luck has some place in letting different people (and even gamble) together.
- frankiewarren 15y ago
  I guess there wouldn't be any incentive for weaker players to bet if they were guaranteed to lose money every game! I find that issue with chess... I'm better than my friends (who have only played a handful of times) but get smoked online or by serious players.
- erikb 15y ago
  I know some people who actually gamble on chess. The thing is, that even with a perfect game (not saying that chess is perfect) you still have the human factors involved. The spirit, the concentration of both players today, the pressure involved when betting money or playing in front of observers. There is still a lot of margin left.
azernik 15y ago
In Texas Hold 'Em, competitive matches are rarely decided in a single hand; rather, they are played out over many hands through the course of a day. When you average out over dozens of hands, a substantially worse player actually does have an almost zero chance of besting a superior player.

jaredmck 15y ago

This marginal advantage strategy is also well demonstrated in professional tennis. When you are in control of the rally, going for a shot which maintains your offensive position, with the potential to slightly extend your lead within the rally, is best. Often the defensive player will go for a huge winner if they are getting tired or are so out of position as to be unable to recover by hitting several good marginal defensive shots to get the point back to a neutral position. But if you watch the best players, they all have skills which gain or erase the most marginal advantages.

ralfd 15y ago
Tennis, yes! And I would guess also Basketball and other games with small but many incremental scoring. I read some time an article in which was argued, that this is a fundamental difference in Soccer compared to other team sports. As there is often only 1-2 goals in Soccer a Toss-up between a top team and an underdog is more likely. It is even often the case that a team is playing dominating but they lose anyhow, because the weaker team is getting lucky and stumples the ball in the goal. This keeps the sport fresh and interesting and is seen by fans as a virtue. The randomness is then cancelled out over the season and marginal advantage is important in competition for the league championship.

bz 15y ago

The concepts outlined are pretty good, but I want to make a counterpoint against heuristics in general. Distilled ideas like these are certainly useful for trying to grasp a complex system, but they do not, for the non-expert player, represent game knowledge. Let me explain why. The pitfall for the average viewer/player is to take these mantras and apply them directly to what they see. They see a game where T apparently overcommits after winning an engagement at his 3rd, and wonder why he didn't take a 4th instead. Surely, this is a mistake of not getting more ahead! An expert player might look at the same scenario and see an entirely different picture. The problem was that he scanned a 15m timing instead of a 17m timing for the Hive, so he was actually behind in that engagement (he should have decisively won with the Z's gas locked up elsewhere!). And that Broodlords would be due out in 2 production cycles, but it takes 3m for him to break-even on the new mine, and he would miss the window to secure enough of an advantage to push the game into a low-econ trade phase. My point is that real game understanding is extremely specific. It's all about the actual state and timing. To go back to the article, that's where the marginal advantages are gained - by understanding and controlling how these extremely specific scenarios play out. The larger ideas about strategy that everyone loves fall out from the analyses of these interactions. But "getting" the general idea isn't the same as actually _getting_ it when you work out these scenarios and timings yourself from extensive playing/testing. So heuristics are really only part of the picture, the much larger part is a precise understanding of the system at work.

seri 15y ago
That was awesome, sir. I love the attention to details in the scenario you described and your analysis. I only picked up the hobby of watching Starcraft about 6 months ago (I watch more Broodwar than Starcraft II), but I used to play a lot, albeit at an amateur level. I watched popular casters like diggity, Klazart, Nuke, and moletrap. However, sometimes I don't quite understand why the winner wins even though I have consumed a lot of theories in advance, perhaps for the exact reason you just pointed out. There are good comments on Team Liquid every now and then but the site is hard to browse with 100 pages on average for a popular game. Do you write game analysis like this somewhere, or do you know where I can read something similar?
- 15y ago

marcamillion 15y ago

Am I the only one that thought this post would have been about Economic Game Theory? - http://www.dklevine.com/general/whatis.htm http://www.dklevine.com/general/whatis.htm Very nice read though. Day9 is right. The best players all seem to have a knack for maintaining a marginal advantage or taking a small one and getting a bigger advantage.

leon_ 15y ago

So much time and resources wasted on a game. My heart bleeds.

roel_v 15y ago

Note that this article isn't on game theory, but on game design theory (i.e., 'game' as in 'computer game').

popisdead 15y ago

this is a life lesson, not a game design theory lesson!

metatronscube 15y ago

Not Game Theory really, but Ender Wiggin has some good points...pitty its just a game.

d0m 15y ago

I browse hacker news and reddit/r/starcraft each day.. I love when an article appears on both :) A perfect mix between hacker-ness and gamer-ness.

d0m 15y ago

So much stuff can be learned from sc/sc2 to apply in your life. Things from accepting defeat and understanding your mistakes, to know how to fight strategically. (By fight I mean it in a very vague way; Fight for a girl, Fight for a new job, etc.)

d0m 15y ago

In my opinion, the most important concept to understand is "Timing windows". Vs a equally skilled player, you can't have all the advantages. Understanding the imbalances of a current situation - and taking advantage of it - is really what differentiate beginners from great players. Sometime, in a game of 30mins, there's only a few seconds where you have the upper hand.. and this is where you need to attack. Miss that moment (from a couple of seconds!!) and you lose. Go a little bit before, and you lose!

monkeypizza 15y ago

The new 4-5dan go-playing bots on kgs (zen19d, crazystone) use this strategy extensively. When they're ahead they play to consolidate their biggest weakness, and when they're behind they play more and more risky moves to try to come back. In the endgame the calculate the score exactly, and will play negative point value moves as long as they are ahead on the board. It makes for a really tough game, cause if you do get ahead, you have to face a series of attacks which almost but don't quite work, and if you mess up any of them it's over.

huherto 15y ago
Interesting. I don't really know much about basket ball. But I have noticed something similar. In the last seconds of the game, the loosing team will try riskier moves. (Forcing penalties and throwing from the three point line). It is like playing roulette.
tripzilch 15y ago
Yeah I read the advice in this article years ago in a beginner's Go tutorial, something about "you just need one more point than the opponent to win". Lot of little zen-like lessons in learning that game, is why I love it.
Read_the_Genes 15y ago
Interesting that they use this strategy. Essentially, high variance is good when the expected value of the game is negative. It increases the chances of success in a bad situation. The maths of this can be found in the article "A Rule of Thumb (not only) for Gamblers." Currently, this article is available free here: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.55.3467 http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.55.3...
aidos 15y ago
My Go teacher once told me that the truely great players will hold a game in near perfect balance throughout. Concerningy, are the computers really at 4 dan now? I ain't never going to beat the machines.
- 15y ago

lobo_tuerto 15y ago

There is no _Game theory_ mentioned anywhere in the article, but _Competitive game design theory_. Title should be changed to reflect that as to not bring confusion about it referring to the broad (and complex) Game theory subject.

wtvanhest 15y ago

I just read all the comments because the author states that one program collects the maximum amount of stones, and another competitor's program figured out how to collect an additional stone. Does this not make sense to anyone else? Can someone please explain it to me?

Tichy 15y ago
Maybe the "one more stone" strategy leaves more options to the decider algorith and is therefore less likely to get stuck in a local maximum that ultimately leads to a loss.
colanderman 15y ago
My understanding was that the competitor's program collected a strategic number of stones N in such a way which forced the other program to be able to collect at most N-1 stones on its next turn. I'm not familiar with the rules of Mancala but I presume they allow for strategies such as this.
kluge 15y ago
There's a difference between collecting the maximum amount of stones and collecting more stones than the opponent. I suspect the winning program also tries to minimize the stones the opponent will be able to collect, thus preserving its marginal advantage. Edit: Apparently colanderman beat me to it.

CosmicShadow 15y ago

great article, good reminders of how to build a great competitive game, which is applicable to me!

Triumvark 15y ago

This article correctly notes that those in the lead should play to conservatively extend their marginal advantage. The corollary, for those in behind, is that they should attempt more gambits. The principles of variance are strange. Sometimes, if you're in behind, you reduce your chance of losing by adopting what looks like a "losing" strategy (according to naive expected value calculations). With a wild all-or-nothing strategy, your chance of winning from behind likely won't exceed 50%, but by acting more like the 'risky amateur,' you might up your chances from 10% to 30%.