I have an article about this very topic in the history of science journal Osiris... unfortunately it's not out yet, but I wrote a short spinoff article about it

I have an article about this very topic in the history of science journal Osiris... unfortunately it's not out yet, but I wrote a short spinoff article about it here too: https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/roundtable/our-strange-addiction https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/roundtable/our-strange-addi... The upshot is that while tobacco pipes didn't reach Europe until around 1500 CE, there is evidence that Portuguese mariners may have encountered cannabis pipes from Africa earlier than this date. Part of the evidence is linguistic: the Portuguese word for pipe (cachimbo) is derived from an African language (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cachimbo https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cachimbo). African cannabis smoking dates back at least as far as ~1000 CE and seems to have been part of a larger Indian Ocean complex of cannabis smoking emanating from South Asia and, more distantly, from the religious traditions of ancient Indo-Iranic peoples who moved into the region from the steppes in the Vedic period. That diffusion narrative would seem to fit well with the timeline discussed in this article. This is a really exciting field of historical and archaeological research IMO! The African Roots of Marijuana (Duke, 2019) is the best full length scholarly study of this if anyone is interested: https://www.dukeupress.edu/the-african-roots-of-marijuana https://www.dukeupress.edu/the-african-roots-of-marijuana