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List of All Current TLDs
- wheelerwj 6y agolook at all that digital real estate thats not being used. So much opportunity!
- gruez 6y agoFor comparison, the same file 10 years ago: https://web.archive.org/web/20100502082201/http://data.iana.org/TLD/tlds-alpha-by-domain.txt https://web.archive.org/web/20100502082201/http://data.iana.... There were only 279 TLDs back then, or 32 TLDs if you excluded all the country code TLDs. Now there are 1508 TLDs, or 1260 excluding country code TLDs.
- zokier 6y ago> There were only 279 TLDs back then, or 32 TLDs if you excluded all the country code TLDs. Arguably that's about 30 too many and really the root of this whole mess. Imho Postel, for all the good he did, in retrospect mismanaged DNS by not establising really any structure or policy, in a way that feels now bit naive/idealistic (and US-centric). By the time ICANN took over dot-com bubble was already knocking at the door and laissez faire anything goes attitude of DNS pretty well cemented, so any drastic changes would have been difficult to accomplish. Essentially by leaving the legacy TLDs completely open and mostly without restrictions or hierarchy/structure their meaning was eroded away, and if the TLDs have no meaning then it's only logical to throw them away.
- bhartzer 6y agoMy favorite site to watch: ntldstats dot com
- mmphosis 6y ago.WTF
- Bnshsysjab 6y agoI’d love $myhandle.sucks but alas the domain registrar decided to charge extortion rates in the hopes that large companies register their own domain to prevent hate sites >_>
- jasomill 6y agoIncidentally, if the $185,000 you're about to spend on a new gTLD registration is bringing you down, you could use the money to register icann.sucks instead: https://www.rebel.com/search/?exact=false&q=icann.sucks&tldonly=sucks https://www.rebel.com/search/?exact=false&q=icann.sucks&tldo... Turnabout is, I suppose, fair play.
- saagarjha 6y agoFunnily enough, I tried to check dotsucks.sucks…they’ve thought through that already.
- marcosdumay 6y agoYou can save $175,000 of that by generalizing and getting internet.sucks instead. A bargain!
- account42 6y agoIsn't that strategy self defeating though? If the domains cost so much who is going to buy them just for a hate site?
- NateEag 6y ago$HUGECO can and likely will still buy it as an insurance policy against the costs ever dropping to the point that mortals might afford it. $ whois google.sucks ... Registrant Organization: Google LLC ... Name Server: ns4.googledomains.com Name Server: ns2.googledomains.com Name Server: ns3.googledomains.com Name Server: ns1.googledomains.com QED.
- gfaure 6y ago.calvinklein? .bananarepublic? A clear money-grab that has no benefit to users, complicates validation and security for developers, and seals off vast swathes of the namespace for the sole use of corporations.
- ShakataGaNai 6y agoA money grab for whom? ICANN, sure. But if a company wants to spend the $200k, what is the big deal? Some companies (ex http://www.nic.ovh/en/index.xml http://www.nic.ovh/en/index.xml ) are using it for their customers. Some companies (ex https://calculator.aws/ https://calculator.aws/ ) are using it for shorter URLs, while still being descriptive. Sure some are just doing it because they can, other's have no good use case yet. But I fail to see how .bananarepublic being in the hands of one company is a detriment to me... the average internet user.
- gfaure 6y agoIt's a money grab for ICANN, precisely. Neither users nor developers have any say in this process, and the body that stands to benefit financially from accepting trademarks as TLDs is _not_ going to be acting in the interest of users or developers, are they? My argument wasn't specifically about .bananarepublic or .calvinklein. It was more that I don't believe trademarks should have been admitted, full stop. There's no way ICANN can make impartial decisions here that benefit the bulk of Internet users. I reserve judgement on generic TLDs, although I really don't like the implications to user confusion caused by .photo, .photos, .pics and the like.
- thayne 6y agotrademark names sure. But getting a TLD like .sucks is very nearly extortion.
- kzrdude 6y agoHas the money from the heist been sustainably invested? I'd love to see it guarding the openness and availability of the internet infrastructure as a whole.
- 6y ago
- gitgud 6y agoWhat are all the TLDs prefixed with XN--?
- shellac 6y agoInternational TLDs encoded in punycode (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punycode https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punycode).
- erichurkman 6y agohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punycode https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punycode -- it's a way to represent non-ascii TLDs in ascii.
- WhyNotHugo 6y agoWhat I don't fully understand is why we use ASCII for domain names rather than UTF-8. So many people in every continent can't write their name or last name with just ascii.
- kej 6y agoPunycode for these Unicode names: कॉम セール 佛山 ಭಾರತ 慈善 集团 在线 한국 ଭାରତ 大众汽车 点看 คอม ভাৰত ভারত 八卦 موقع বাংলা 公益 公司 香格里拉 网站 移动 我爱你 москва қаз католик онлайн сайт 联通 срб бг бел קום 时尚 微博 淡马锡 ファッション орг नेट ストア アマゾン 삼성 சிங்கப்பூர் 商标 商店 商城 дети мкд ею ポイント 新闻 家電 كوم 中文网 中信 中国 中國 娱乐 谷歌 భారత్ ලංකා 電訊盈科 购物 クラウド ભારત 通販 भारतम् भारत भारोत 网店 संगठन 餐厅 网络 ком укр 香港 亚马逊 诺基亚 食品 飞利浦 台湾 台灣 手机 мон الجزائر عمان ارامكو ایران العليان اتصالات امارات بازار موريتانيا پاکستان الاردن بارت بھارت المغرب ابوظبي البحرين السعودية ڀارت كاثوليك سودان همراه عراق مليسيا 澳門 닷컴 政府 شبكة بيتك عرب გე 机构 组织机构 健康 ไทย سورية 招聘 рус рф تونس 大拿 ລາວ みんな グーグル ευ ελ 世界 書籍 ഭാരതം ਭਾਰਤ 网址 닷넷 コム 天主教 游戏 vermögensberater vermögensberatung 企业 信息 嘉里大酒店 嘉里 مصر قطر 广东 இலங்கை இந்தியா հայ 新加坡 فلسطين 政务
- xwdv 6y agoWhy is there no .FACEBOOK?
- tialaramex 6y agoPresumably they didn't want to spend a tremendous amount of money for no clear purpose? Most outfits which registered a brand or company name as a TLD are purely throwing away money here, either because they didn't understand what they were doing or out of sheer vanity. You can maybe make an argument for a handful of very big technology companies that have some sort of plan for what they'll do with a TLD, such as Google, but I don't think Facebook would be on that list.
- xwdv 6y agoIf there’s any company that could have tons of uses for a TLD it’s Facebook. Imagine a decentralized Facebook made up of custom websites all using the .facebook domain. Imagine the revenues. Zuckerberg are you reading this? What are your thoughts?
- axaxs 6y agoAll because of an ICANN money grab. If it were really about 'having choice', applications wouldn't have cost so much.
- hombre_fatal 6y agoThe end-game is that everyone is going to have their own suffix for their website. And the first part of the hostname will standardize into, I don't know, maybe "com" for the commercial part of your entity, "org" for the more community-oriented part, "net" for projects that have to do with interconnectivity, etc. Maybe even regional ones like "us" and "co.uk". For example, com.shopify net.battle org.wikipedia co.uk.bbc gov.whitehouse Maybe even some sort of routing system, just spitballing here. /my-shop/com.shopify /elections/gov.whitehouse Surprised nobody has thought of something like this. The only problem I see with this system is that the ICANN could get greedy and possibly sell this conventional "com", "net", "org", etc prefix system to the highest bidders and centralize them to just a few suffixes for us to choose between, then we'd be forced to register our websites as prefixes of a small oligarchy that owns the handful of suffixes. :/
- aserafini 6y agoI think the end game will be that the domain part of a URL will become optional so that it is valid to enter just a TLD in the browser and the company that owns that TLD can redirect. So http://google http://google would be a valid URL that redirects to http://www.google.com http://www.google.com (for example). Essentially TLDs will become the new domains and only companies will be able to afford to buy one, but they will do it for the prestige (like the equivalent of owning your .com today).
- squiggleblaz 6y agoMore likely, the whole system will just collapse and so we will use a private organisation who provides a service linking approximate names to websites, something like a telephone directory but it doesn't require you to correctly spell things and get the right prefix. It will occasionally be a problem where you search for "Honest Company" and it takes you to honest.co.fraud, but if it does that too often I guess we will switch to a competitor. I guess the main solution to that problem is to have a list of different possible matches, and require the user to pick the right one.
- palijer 6y ago.GIFT .GIFTS Why have both? There is no way that isn't going to cause confusion.
- james_pm 6y agoAlso .hotel and .hotels. And .photo and .photos (and .photography). Plus .ink and .inc. And many more "confusingly similar" despite ICANN rules that were supposed to prevent that. Money talks.
- spcebar 6y agoI agree there's serious potential for misleading customers, but also see the occasional merit of having both, ie, if you own Hank's Hotel you'd want the .hotel tld to correctly identify your business, and likewise helpmefind.hotels makes more sense than helpmefind.hotel. These are my arbitrary examples that do not outweigh the potential for the fraud of someone registering hanks.hotels maliciously. I think icann is a horrible entity and never should have existed. On a different note, I like how many tlds there are now. .pizza is my personal favorite.
- lifthrasiir 6y ago> .hotel and .hotels Did you mean: .hoteles and .hotels? (.hotel was not there as of 2020-09-11T07:10Z) Amazingly enough, they seemingly had enough intelligence to determine that .hotels and .hoteis (Portuguese for ".hotels") are similar enough and warrant the exclusitivity [1], but not for .hotels and .hoteles. At the least .hotels is not yet delegated but merely proposed and only passed the initial evaluation, though. [1] https://icannwiki.org/.hotels#String_Similarity https://icannwiki.org/.hotels#String_Similarity
- vmception 6y ago.market .markets
- AviationAtom 6y agoThey changed the rules recently. You can no longer have both a singular and plural name registered. Guessing those got in before the change.
- jrockway 6y agoI don't understand why we even have TLDs, and don't just register names at the root level. Sure, it's nice to be able to shard data structures among many providers (.com can be different servers/infrastructure/rules than .net) and might have been a technical necessity "back in the day" (though there weren't many shards, so I doubt it), but now it's actively harmful. You found a company called foobarcorp and register foobarcorp.com... and some jerk registers foobarcorp.net, foobarcorp.info, foobarcorp.sucks, etc. Why even allow this? Let there be one and only one foobarcorp. Yes, I'm bitter that Google gets google. but I'm stuck with jrock.us. Why does it cost millions of dollars to remove one dot from my domain name? There is no technical reason. Maybe it's time to overthrow the default root servers and start our own Internet. Also "." should have an A record.
- troquerre 6y agoAgreed we should have names at the root level. There's a new DNS protocol that enables this called Handshake. It's an alternative root zone where anyone can register a root TLD through an open vickrey auction (unlike ICANN which often works behind closed doors...). For instance, I registered my name tieshun/ which you can resolve through NextDNS, a Handshake Chrome extension (https://github.com/execc/link-frame https://github.com/execc/link-frame), or a Handshake gateway like https://hns.to/tieshun https://hns.to/tieshun
- godeatgod 6y agoTHIS is the way of the future. Hell, it's not even the future anymore. TLDs should have been the very first thing that got decentralized. (ok, SECOND behind money) ICANN is a monopoly whose corruptness should be criminal. Example: they make Google a partner to sell TLDs as a registrar. Therefore, google can give priority and precedence to searches for TLDs on ICANN's registry and not a competing registrar (like Handshake). Before this (Handshake), where could you go to get an alternate competing top level domain? Answer: nowhere. It's a monopoly by definition.
- josefx 6y ago> Yes, I'm bitter that Google gets google. Google can have google for all I care. I am less than happy with them staking their claim on generic terms with the "new" TLD and trying to present document.new redirecting to Google docs as the best thing since sliced bread.
- ss64 6y agoand still nobody has registered .EXE
- searchableguy 6y agoThere should be .anime or .uwu
- nfoz 6y agoICANN sold out the internet. The namespace is all but ruined. .PHOTO, .PHOTOGRAPHY, .PHOTOS, .PICS, .PICTURES This should offend everyone.
- codethief 6y agoI'm more concerned about TLDs like: .ACCENTURE .AIRBUS .AMERICANEXPRESS .AMERICANFAMILY .AVIANCA .BAIDU .BARCLAYCARD .BARCLAYS .BENTLEY .BESTBUY .BLOOMBERG .BNPPARIBAS .BOEHRINGER .BUGATTI .CALVINKLEIN .CAPITALONE .CITI .EPSON .ERICSSON .FERRARI .FUJITSU .GMAIL .GODADDY .HDFC .HDFCBANK .HITACHI .HYATT .HYUNDAI .JAGUAR .JEEP .JPMORGAN .JUNIPER .KERRYHOTELS .KERRYLOGISTICS .KERRYPROPERTIES .LACAIXA .LAMBORGHINI .LANDROVER .LANXESS .LPLFINANCIAL .MASERATI .MATTEL .MCKINSEY .MICROSOFT .MITSUBISHI .NETFLIX .NORTHWESTERNMUTUAL .OLAYANGROUP .PANASONIC .PRAMERICA .SAMSUNG .SCHAEFFLER .SCJOHNSON .SONY .STCGROUP .SUZUKI .SWATCH .TIFFANY .TOSHIBA .VIRGIN .VOLKSWAGEN It's disgusting.
- AmericanChopper 6y agoIf those TLDs were actually useful, then the domain name system would be in much better shape than it actually is. In reality, you have .gov for government, .com for business, .org for organisations who don’t care how much traffic they get, local country TLDs for if you operate a service for one country only, and tons and tons of garbage. com is the only TLD that has any value for international commerce. It doesn’t matter that .netflix exists, because it will never be used for anything productive. The problem is that you can only ever count on a person knowing .com and their local TLD. Everything else either won’t register with people as being an actual domain name, or will look like a scam to most people. The internet is locked into this system, and it’s one that cannot possibly scale. The explosion in new TLDs is an attempt to address that. But we don’t need to worry about how disgusting it is, because it’s an attempt that has failed. I would suggest two issues that are more concerning is that there is nothing that seems to be a realistic alternative or solution, and that the way this problem has played out has diminished the actual usefulness of domain names, with that gap being filled by the google search engine.
- saaaaaam 6y agoI worked with some slightly crazy businessmen who were tricked by an out-of-work “domain name consultant” into putting in an application for some new gTLDs. They got one, and cashed out another application to let someone else take it which got them all their application fees back plus a decent chunk of cash. They were genuinely convinced their terrible new gTLD was going to make them $100 million a year. My main job was to stop them from blowing what money they had in reserve on insane publicity stunts for long enough that they woke up and realised they had been conned. Eventually they woke up but had spent something approaching $2m finding that out. I stopped them spending at least as much again. “Tell me again why you want to hire ten hot air balloons to fly over this stadium...?”
- treeman79 6y agoWorked Directly for a fortune 100 CEO. His attitude on advertising was it was better take all the money, put it in a pile and burn it. Had positive things about superbowel ads, but dissed everything else
- deleted 6y ago[deleted]
- deleted 6y ago[deleted]
- fanf2 6y agoOne of my side projects is https://twitter.com/diffroot https://twitter.com/diffroot a twitter account that publishes changes to the root zone (except for nameserver IP address changes). Alongside that I have a couple of Twitter threads commenting on the changes. The relevant one is https://twitter.com/fanf/status/903709051606978560 https://twitter.com/fanf/status/903709051606978560 my collection of dead .brand TLDs which is now 3 years old (tho I didn't keep it very reliably the first year). It's also amusing to see if you can spot a .brand TLD being used for real services, where the brand is not an Internet company. The biggest one I know of is SNCF.
- mike_d 6y agoThank you for this service. It is actually the only Twitter account I have push notifications enabled for (though I need to figure out a better solution when there is a lot of churn). FWIW, I know at least one non-tech company that was already using .brand as an internal TLD and spent the money to avoid a name collision.
- AviationAtom 6y agoIt's crazy to think how much ICANN made off application fees for each of these. What do they do with all that money? Is it really that expensive to do what they do?
- mike_d 6y agoThe IANA TLD list should never be used directly. What you really want instead is the Public Suffix List [1]. It will help you determine the "effective TLD" of domains like amazon.co.uk or sflawlib.ci.sf.ca.us, and gives you more insight in to how a technical allocation at the root transforms politically in to implementation. 1. https://publicsuffix.org/list/public_suffix_list.dat https://publicsuffix.org/list/public_suffix_list.dat
- darnir 6y agoAnd then also, please don't parse the PSL yourself. Use an existing library[1] for that. The formal algorithm for finding the TLD is more complicated than you realise at first glance. I would recommend libPSL[2]. It was written by one of the maintainers of GNU Wget and is currently used by both GNU Wget and libcurl. Disclosure: I was one of the early contributors to libpsl and closely involved in its initial formation. [1] https://publicsuffix.org/learn/ https://publicsuffix.org/learn/ [2] https://github.com/rockdaboot/libpsl https://github.com/rockdaboot/libpsl
- CodesInChaos 6y agoIn what way is it more complicated that one would naively expect? And why?
- exikyut 6y agoI'm not sure. https://github.com/rockdaboot/libpsl/blob/master/src/psl.c https://github.com/rockdaboot/libpsl/blob/master/src/psl.c is 2K lines, most of it appears to deal with memory management, character twiddling, and processing/conversion. Maybe the cookie management?
- knome 6y agoFor one, it appears to handle punycode internally. Punycode is a method for encoding international unicode into ascii prefixed with XN--. So this will correctly associate cookies for either the unicode term or its punycode ascii equivalent. As exanples, wikipedia indicates the international domains with the most name registrations as being the russia's "рф", taiwan's "台灣" and china's "中国", which are represented in DNS as "xn--p1ai", "xn--kpry57d", and "xn--fiqs8s", respectively. The data appears to indicate hosting sites where users can register their own names against a providers domain ( username.example.com ) as well as exceptions to this where the host's own site then uses subdomains ( www.example.com, admin.example.com, cdn.example.com ) and the host's cookies should still be used. It lists specific tlds, wildcards where appropriate with *, and notes exceptions to wildcarding by prefixing with !. Certainly far from something that would be impossible to write your own parser for, but getting everything right on your first go would be harder than one might expect, and getting things wrong here would be likely to leak the user's information between various sites.
- jacobjonz 6y agoI agree with @jrockway below. There is no point in retaining TLDs the way are now. The original idea of TLDs were to have separate namespaces. For example, apple.com is the company apple and apple.fruit, may be a fruit seller. This never worked though. At the end, the companies ended up having to register all the TLDs or someone else would get apple.dong and pretend to be related to apple. ICANN decided to use the opportunity for money grab and started releasing new TLDs every now and then. It makes all sense to get rid of usage of TLDs as they are today. If apple is <any subdomain>.apple, that's it. People would know that apple.dong is something related to dong. It might sound to be far fetched, but it is not. Once people see the flooding of TLDs (like handshake TLDs which are easily and cheaply available to general public on Namebase (namebase.io) or Bob wallet(Bob wallet.io)) and when they realize TLDs are the new equivalent of .coms, they would realize that it's just the TLDs that matter for auth aspect and the subdomains are more functional within the company (like mail.google and chat.google) The only people to lose are the scammers and ICANN.
- deleted 6y ago[deleted]
- Tepix 6y agoI looked at the list and ZERO grabbed my attention. Turns out its a private GTLD for Amazon. Reading Amazons's application for the ZERO GTLD (linked at https://gtldresult.icann.org/applicationstatus/applicationdetails/934 https://gtldresult.icann.org/applicationstatus/applicationde... ) makes me angry. It's completly bland. You could use their application to register any string under the sun. It's not clear what benefits it offers for the public. These types of domains should not be allowed.
- ksec 6y agoHere is another chance for people who may know more on TLDs. What happened to .Web? Verisign got it in 2016 and it has since been in endless legal battle and endless Final decisions from ICANN. Anyone have any news on that?
- NKosmatos 6y agoHi all, a question slightly related to this topic... Is there an easy (and free) way to get hold of all the registered domains under a TLD or ccTLD? I know that services like [0] exist, but they are paid for and the validity and collection of data is dubious. Why aren't zone files generally and freely available? Is there a way to download or mirror the DNS data? [0]https://zonefiles.io/cctld-domains/ https://zonefiles.io/cctld-domains/
- randyreddig 6y agoMaintainer of ZoneDB (zonedb.org or https://github.com/zonedb/zonedb https://github.com/zonedb/zonedb) here: We extracted this project from Domainr (https://domainr.com https://domainr.com), using tooling that updates the database each day. It’s formatted as a single text file (zones.txt) and associated metadata in JSON files. We also generate a Go package for our own uses (the tooling is written in Go). It’s similar to the PSL, but where the PSL has wildcards and inverted matches, ZoneDB explicitly lists each “known” zone, including retired or withdrawn names. https://github.com/zonedb/zonedb/blob/master/zones.txt https://github.com/zonedb/zonedb/blob/master/zones.txt
- neiman 6y agoWhat stops us, at 2020, to just allow possible string to be a TLD? What's the point of limiting it to this list?
- umvi 6y agoNothing, technically speaking. But legally and economically speaking I think it's a bad idea. I personally think there should only be a very small handful of TLDs: com, edu, org, gov and maybe a few others. Having a limited number of TLDs communicates to the end user what kind of site it is (government, educational, commercial, non-profit, etc.) and reduces your domain footprint online. When you allow ".sucks" to be a TLD, now you've basically opened up a new market of squatters and blackmailers forcing companies and individuals to buy up every possible potentially damaging TLD of their trademark or brand[0]. If you allow any arbitrary TLD, be prepared to employ a full DNS police force because tons of people acting in bad faith are going to register every possible typo under the sun in order to capitalize on people's mistakes ("apple.con", "apple.cpm", "apple.vom", "f---.apple") [0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sucks_(registry) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sucks_(registry)
- gabereiser 6y agoI agree with this only so much as to protect the user with information on what type of site they are visiting. Org for non-profit or clubs, Net for networks, Com for commerce, nation tld’s and gov. The arbitrary TLD’s are really to keep certain organizations from owning the internet because of how name registration works. Humans are corrupt.
- neiman 6y ago.org could still be for non-profits and national TLD's could still be managed by governments. .com, .net, meanings btw, are completely irrelevant nowadays. My idea is not to cancel the meaning of .org, but rather create other possibilities for names. What's the difference really between a 1000+ TLDs and a 100,000+ TLDs?
- neiman 6y ago
- rerx 6y agoI like how there are two top level domains for my city of about a million people: .cologne and .koeln Is there any other town represented twice? OK, places like Berlin, Hamburg, London or Paris don't have the advantage of different spellings in English and a local language. But there's only .wien, no .vienna. How about .tokyo -- is there a puny-coded Japanese version?
- wespeng 6y agoI have wrote a perl module for this official IANA TLD database, please review it: https://metacpan.org/pod/Net::IANA::TLD https://metacpan.org/pod/Net::IANA::TLD Thanks.