I'm generally skeptical of any study of elephants because they're obviously a social species and they've been very badly mistreated for many generations. Even

I'm generally skeptical of any study of elephants because they're obviously a social species and they've been very badly mistreated for many generations. Even in cases where an individual elephant may receive a lot of attention and care from compassionate humans, that elephant may still be deprived of a healthy development by being deprived of other healthy elephants to live with. And even in cases where a group of wild elephants may have lived happily undisturbed for generations, those elephants would be inherently difficult to study in detail.