This: When we're talking about how to take data as implying X, what is needed is: [logical reason to believe position, how the data was chosen to not bias the

This: When we're talking about how to take data as implying X, what is needed is: [logical reason to believe position, how the data was chosen to not bias the whole process, etc] + [data above threshold]. The data that a scientist gets "lives" inside one or another experimental box, some area. But unless the scientists also takes into account how that box and that data came to be, the scientist cannot make any definitive statement based on the properties of just the data. The statement "Correlation does not [automatically] imply causation" and "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence" both reflect this.