8 ms·

Insufficient Sleep Associated with Risky Teen Behavior

130 points by laurex 8y ago

wojtekkru 8y ago
"Compared to students who reported sleeping eight hours at night, high school students who slept less than six hours were twice as likely to self-report using alcohol, tobacco, marijuana or other drugs, and driving after drinking alcohol. They were also nearly twice as likely to report carrying a weapon or being in a fight." Have they established causation? Or could it be that lifestyle including alcohol and weapons also happens to involve less sleep?
- crunchlibrarian 8y ago
  Based on nothing but my own personal experience when I get tired I get cranky and more truthful, so the sole factor could be nothing but more people filling out the survey honestly. I'm only half joking.
- astrodust 8y ago
  The "I'll sleep when I'm dead" generation.
  - make3 8y ago
    YouTube & Twitch may end up having really bad effect on society because of the effect on sleep they potentially have
    - astrodust 8y ago
      YouTube, Facebook and others are basically social cancer. Remember when they thought putting asbestos in everything and smoking everywhere were great ideas? This "social all the things" strategy reminds me a lot of 1950s America where plastic, fiberglass, and pesticides were going to cure all problems if only you used liberal amounts of it in everything.
      - QuercusMax 8y ago
        "Facebook is a Toilet" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LJCJyYtE9Rw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LJCJyYtE9Rw) - from Last Week Tonight.
    - TheTrotters 8y ago
      I think it’s the laptops and, especially, smartphones. If it weren’t for YouTube and Twitch we’d find a different way of wasting time.
- nrb 8y ago
  Yeah seems obvious that kids from rough homes don’t get enough sleep.
- loco5niner 8y ago
  It could also be an indication of the lack of parental involvement in their lives.
  - taneq 8y ago
    Yeah, "kids sleep less and do more risky stuff without parental guidance/boundaries".
- skadamat 8y ago
  "Compared to students who reported sleeping eight hours at night, high school students who slept less than six hours were twice as likely to self-report using alcohol, tobacco, marijuana or other drugs, and driving after drinking alcohol. They were also nearly twice as likely to report carrying a weapon or being in a fight. Researchers found the strongest associations were related to mood and self- harm. Those who slept less than six hours were more than three times as likely to consider or attempt suicide, and four times as likely to attempt suicide, resulting in treatment. Only 30 percent of the students in the study reported averaging more than eight hours of sleep on school nights." Seems like a lot of data mining to create correlations (hence the use of the word "association" a lot). This kind of work can be good for problem finding and hypothesis generation. It's unfortunate that we live in a world where: - news outlets publish research that is meant to stimulate discussion + hypothesis exploration - readers are unable, undereducated, and / or disempowered to discern the level of rigorous science examination done EDIT: The funny thing is that I predict that this HN thread will lead hundreds of folks to tell stories of confirmation bias.
  - fasquoika 8y ago
    >Those who slept less than six hours were more than three times as likely to consider or attempt suicide, and four times as likely to attempt suicide, resulting in treatment. Considering that insomnia is a common symptom of depression, this really shouldn't be remotely surprising Edit: I'd bet you'd find a similar correlation with students that sleep more than 12 hours a day too
    - stephengillie 8y ago
      Sleeping too much is also a common symptom of depression, as the user abuses sleep to escape their life.
      - zentiggr 8y ago
        For serious depression issues, I'm not sure 'abuse' is appropriate here... The inability to _want_ to do anything or _care_ often isn't a conscious choice.
- make3 8y ago
  "self reported" Maybe the interpretation could be that less sleep makes people more honest :p
- savanaly 8y ago
  Another way of wording the finding is "students who engage in activities that adults don't approve of found to also go to sleep at a time adults don't approve of."
  - TheTrotters 8y ago
    There’s no reference to going to sleep at a particular time.
    - savanaly 8y ago
      Fair enough. s/go to sleep at a time/have sleeping habits/ Although I somehow doubt the parents' issue is their kids go to bed promptly at eleven but then insist on getting up at five in the morning.
    - philipodonnell 8y ago
      Those missing 2 hours of sleep are probably from going to bed 2 hours later, though, which is a pretty specific time.
      - AnimalMuppet 8y ago
        From going to bed 2 hours later, and being unable to get up two hours later, because school starts at a nice early time.
  - AnimalMuppet 8y ago
    The point isn't the time that they go to sleep. The point is the amount of time that they stay asleep. And suicide, for instance, is a bit more than just "activities that adults don't approve of". It's self-evidently harmful.
- Symmetry 8y ago
  Well, there's pretty good controlled experimental evidence that lack of sleep causes impulsivity. But obviously causality works the other way too and this study doesn't help us know how much of these effects would go away if, say, high school start times were pushed back and how much would persist which is what we're really interested in.
- adamnemecek 8y ago
  It could be cortisol. I've been researching the effects of this hormone and it's kind of crazy. It's the hormone that regulates stress, fat deposits, memory and a lot of other things.
- amelius 8y ago
  Questions like this always pop up, and correlate highly with people who didn't read the article.
- philipodonnell 8y ago
  I would think that fighting, alochol and other drugs are being consumed by 6 hour sleepers during the two hours that the 8 hour sleepers are... asleep.
- lsiebert 8y ago
  There is also the possibility that a third variable contributes to both. Like maybe a stressful family life or living in a city (louder at night, more access to drugs) causes teens to be more likely to use drugs and to sleep less.
- GreeniFi 8y ago
  The confusion of causation and correlation is often presented as a bug in the human operating system. It’s definitely a mistake here and you are right to point it out. But I sometimes wonder if the bug in the human cognitive process is (not mistaking causation vs correlation) but actually that we attribute greater weight to conclusions presented as science, even when they are bad science. We - rightly - trust the scientific process, more than for example testimony or hearsay. Disreputable scientists hack this heuristic to pass bad science as fact.
- 8bitsrule 8y ago
  Hmmm. As a former grades 8-12 educator, if I were to observe 'risky teen behavior' I'd first want to talk to their parents and to ascertain their (compulsory) school environment. Adolescents have enough to worry about (which they're good at), and their need for a caring support structure is a paramount concern. Experimentation is natural and healthy for them, within limits.
RcouF1uZ4gsC 8y ago
Many of these risky behaviors are likely to take place at night. Students who are out partying and drinking are likely to be doing this at night, which will cut down into their sleep time. The implication of this study is that the lack of sleep is causing the risky behaviors. However, saying that risky behavior caused less sleep could also be as reasonable an implication.
sbecker 8y ago
Part 2 of study: "Insufficient Sleep Associated with Risky Adult Behavior As Well!"
manishsharan 8y ago
I wish high school teachers would take note of this. My kid goes to an accelerated program high school in Toronto and she is so swamped with homework and tests, she hardly gets any sleep on weeknights and on some weekends too.
- stephengillie 8y ago
  Have you talked to the teachers? Or helped your kid to create a study schedule?
- bena 8y ago
  Take this study with a grain of salt. It only shows that teens who engage in risky behavior are more likely to get less sleep, not that less sleep leads to risky behavior in teens.
  - chillacy 8y ago
    We know in small scale sleep lab studies that low sleep leads to changes in emotional processing (one of the functions of REM sleep is to tune your emotional regulation), so that at least offers a plausible mechanism of action. As far as risky behavior though, you're right that causation isn't yet firmly established here. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/dream-catcher/201112/rem-sleep-emotional-regulation-and-prefrontal-cortex https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/dream-catcher/201112... https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3163498/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3163498/
- cbhl 8y ago
  There are lots of options to mitigate this. You can take them out of the accelerated/gifted program and put them back on the "normal" university track in high school. The big risk is that it will cause your kid to get alienated socially among both the "normal" and the "gifted" kids, so make sure that your kid is involved in the decision-making process. If your kid has an IEP, you can also talk to the teacher to get accommodations. For example, maybe your kid could quietly work on their homework during their school day, instead of being forced to pay attention to the teacher's lecture. You can also just tell the kid that they can decide how much homework they want to complete. In high school and university, any un-completed work just gets recorded as a zero; if the kid is already getting 80s and 90s then a few missed or half-complete assignment questions shouldn't materially affect their final grade (provided they understand enough of the main concepts to complete major tests/projects/exams). Having a strategy for deciding what work is safest to drop/defer when you're overwhelmed is a useful skill both in upper education and in the workplace. Source: Went to a high school in York Region.
jaclaz 8y ago
I wonder if similar experiments have been done in the military, where you have a good number of young people that basically sleep as much as you let them sleep, and that during the day are subject to (extreme) fatigue/training (the amount of which is anyway under your control), including some (allowed/part of the training) fights.
- thrower123 8y ago
  The military has a pretty good idea just how long they can keep people awake, and what the best combinations of stimulants are to keep them in warfighting condition. The Wehrmacht in WW2 used an awful lot of amphetamines, and dexedrine has been in common usage for a long time as well.
  - zentiggr 8y ago
    Grunt candy.
  - otakucode 8y ago
    The US Air Force still uses 'go pills' (methamphetamines) during operations to keep people awake. I would expect them to prefer something like provigil, but that just might be a matter of time. It causes problems, though, when an airman hopped up on meth kills a bunch of ally troops as happened several years back with some Canadian forces.
  - EamonnMR 8y ago
    Maybe not: https://taskandpurpose.com/fitzgerald-mccain-sleep-deprivation-navy/ https://taskandpurpose.com/fitzgerald-mccain-sleep-deprivati...
JoeAltmaier 8y ago
In other news, hunger causes eating and heat makes you sweat!
bena 8y ago
Oh. Twice as much. That's a lot, right? We could be moving from 1% to 2% here. Technically true, but statistically meaningless. So while we could say that a teen who engages in risky behavior is less likely to have adequate sleep, we can't say that a teen that has inadequate sleep is likely to engage in risky behavior. And if we're looking to identify teens likely to engage in risky behavior, it's useless. And there are other things to consider as well. The study was done with 67,615 participants. 70% who are sleep-deprived compared to 30% who are "well-rested". The population of "sleep-deprived" is much, much larger. Also, we're looking at self-reporting. A bit unreliable in the best conditions. And we're drawing a casual link here that may not actually exist. They both may be symptoms of a third problem. For instance, students in impoverished conditions may have more risky behavior regardless of sleep schedules. And if that was the real reason, forcing more sleep on people is hardly going to fix the problem.
otakucode 8y ago
And the consequences of insufficient sleep on adult behavior? Child behavior? Elderly behavior? Perhaps this is a human trait, and not something isolated to the ever-examined and ever more heavily regulated adolescent? Not that any of this is news. That adolescents need more sleep than any other age group, and that they suffer tremendously from being deprived it by adults, has been known for an extremely long time. When I was in high school in the 90s, there were dozens of studies about it even then. But adults don't care. The most common resistance to the notion of starting high school later is that it would interfere with football practice, making it a total non-starter. That football destroys brains, teaches mob mentality, and other such things doesn't matter. It is, to our society, far too important to let those other matters interfere.
- Jedd 8y ago
  > And the consequences of insufficient sleep on ... Ahh.. the Copenhagen Interpretation of studies. This particular study is about teenagers - perhaps because 'risky teen behaviour' is something you're more likely to find in teenagers, or, less churlishly, because risky behaviour in general is something you find much more often in teenagers. Also compare age-segmented stats for depression, suicides, violence, etc - and they're an obviously higher at-risk demographic. > Not that any of this is news. That adolescents need more sleep than any other age group, and that they suffer tremendously from being deprived it by adults, has been known for an extremely long time. This is not true. Outside of newborns / toddlers, pretty much everyone needs about 8 hours of sleep. Changes as you get (much) older make it more difficult to get the full 8 hours, and adolescents' circadian rhythms means that to the uninformed it seems like they want more / less / longer / lazier etc. They don't - all the current research indicates they need ~8 hours too, but they don't naturally want to fall asleep until 2-3 hours after the average 25+yo. > But adults don't care. This is a breathtaking thing to say. > The most common resistance to the notion of starting high school later is that it would interfere with football practice, making it a total non-starter. I'd suggest this courageous hypothesis could at best apply to something less than 5% of the world.
blazespin 8y ago
Common cause, adhd leads to both.
- chillacy 8y ago
  Funny story, insufficient sleep looks a lot like adhd: https://www.additudemag.com/symptoms-of-insomnia/ https://www.additudemag.com/symptoms-of-insomnia/
deleted 8y ago
[deleted]
cbhl 8y ago
I would expect the confounding variable in this study to be peer pressure. If your peers can pressure you into drinking alcohol or using marijuana, they probably peer pressure you into staying up late -- to do the aforementioned activities.
dave1619 8y ago
I wish Elon would read this article and get some sleep.

130 points by laurex 8y ago

"Compared to students who reported sleeping eight hours at night, high school students who slept less than six hours were twice as likely to self-report using alcohol, tobacco, marijuana or other drugs, and driving after drinking alcohol. They were also nearly twice as likely to report carrying a weapon or being in a fight." Have they established causation? Or could it be that lifestyle including alcohol and weapons also happens to involve less sleep?

crunchlibrarian 8y ago
Based on nothing but my own personal experience when I get tired I get cranky and more truthful, so the sole factor could be nothing but more people filling out the survey honestly. I'm only half joking.
astrodust 8y ago
The "I'll sleep when I'm dead" generation.
- make3 8y ago
  YouTube & Twitch may end up having really bad effect on society because of the effect on sleep they potentially have
  - astrodust 8y ago
    YouTube, Facebook and others are basically social cancer. Remember when they thought putting asbestos in everything and smoking everywhere were great ideas? This "social all the things" strategy reminds me a lot of 1950s America where plastic, fiberglass, and pesticides were going to cure all problems if only you used liberal amounts of it in everything.
    - QuercusMax 8y ago
      "Facebook is a Toilet" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LJCJyYtE9Rw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LJCJyYtE9Rw) - from Last Week Tonight.
  - TheTrotters 8y ago
    I think it’s the laptops and, especially, smartphones. If it weren’t for YouTube and Twitch we’d find a different way of wasting time.
nrb 8y ago
Yeah seems obvious that kids from rough homes don’t get enough sleep.
loco5niner 8y ago
It could also be an indication of the lack of parental involvement in their lives.
- taneq 8y ago
  Yeah, "kids sleep less and do more risky stuff without parental guidance/boundaries".
skadamat 8y ago
"Compared to students who reported sleeping eight hours at night, high school students who slept less than six hours were twice as likely to self-report using alcohol, tobacco, marijuana or other drugs, and driving after drinking alcohol. They were also nearly twice as likely to report carrying a weapon or being in a fight. Researchers found the strongest associations were related to mood and self- harm. Those who slept less than six hours were more than three times as likely to consider or attempt suicide, and four times as likely to attempt suicide, resulting in treatment. Only 30 percent of the students in the study reported averaging more than eight hours of sleep on school nights." Seems like a lot of data mining to create correlations (hence the use of the word "association" a lot). This kind of work can be good for problem finding and hypothesis generation. It's unfortunate that we live in a world where: - news outlets publish research that is meant to stimulate discussion + hypothesis exploration - readers are unable, undereducated, and / or disempowered to discern the level of rigorous science examination done EDIT: The funny thing is that I predict that this HN thread will lead hundreds of folks to tell stories of confirmation bias.
- fasquoika 8y ago
  >Those who slept less than six hours were more than three times as likely to consider or attempt suicide, and four times as likely to attempt suicide, resulting in treatment. Considering that insomnia is a common symptom of depression, this really shouldn't be remotely surprising Edit: I'd bet you'd find a similar correlation with students that sleep more than 12 hours a day too
  - stephengillie 8y ago
    Sleeping too much is also a common symptom of depression, as the user abuses sleep to escape their life.
    - zentiggr 8y ago
      For serious depression issues, I'm not sure 'abuse' is appropriate here... The inability to _want_ to do anything or _care_ often isn't a conscious choice.
make3 8y ago
"self reported" Maybe the interpretation could be that less sleep makes people more honest :p
savanaly 8y ago
Another way of wording the finding is "students who engage in activities that adults don't approve of found to also go to sleep at a time adults don't approve of."
- TheTrotters 8y ago
  There’s no reference to going to sleep at a particular time.
  - savanaly 8y ago
    Fair enough. s/go to sleep at a time/have sleeping habits/ Although I somehow doubt the parents' issue is their kids go to bed promptly at eleven but then insist on getting up at five in the morning.
  - philipodonnell 8y ago
    Those missing 2 hours of sleep are probably from going to bed 2 hours later, though, which is a pretty specific time.
    - AnimalMuppet 8y ago
      From going to bed 2 hours later, and being unable to get up two hours later, because school starts at a nice early time.
- AnimalMuppet 8y ago
  The point isn't the time that they go to sleep. The point is the amount of time that they stay asleep. And suicide, for instance, is a bit more than just "activities that adults don't approve of". It's self-evidently harmful.
Symmetry 8y ago
Well, there's pretty good controlled experimental evidence that lack of sleep causes impulsivity. But obviously causality works the other way too and this study doesn't help us know how much of these effects would go away if, say, high school start times were pushed back and how much would persist which is what we're really interested in.
adamnemecek 8y ago
It could be cortisol. I've been researching the effects of this hormone and it's kind of crazy. It's the hormone that regulates stress, fat deposits, memory and a lot of other things.
amelius 8y ago
Questions like this always pop up, and correlate highly with people who didn't read the article.
philipodonnell 8y ago
I would think that fighting, alochol and other drugs are being consumed by 6 hour sleepers during the two hours that the 8 hour sleepers are... asleep.
lsiebert 8y ago
There is also the possibility that a third variable contributes to both. Like maybe a stressful family life or living in a city (louder at night, more access to drugs) causes teens to be more likely to use drugs and to sleep less.
GreeniFi 8y ago
The confusion of causation and correlation is often presented as a bug in the human operating system. It’s definitely a mistake here and you are right to point it out. But I sometimes wonder if the bug in the human cognitive process is (not mistaking causation vs correlation) but actually that we attribute greater weight to conclusions presented as science, even when they are bad science. We - rightly - trust the scientific process, more than for example testimony or hearsay. Disreputable scientists hack this heuristic to pass bad science as fact.
8bitsrule 8y ago
Hmmm. As a former grades 8-12 educator, if I were to observe 'risky teen behavior' I'd first want to talk to their parents and to ascertain their (compulsory) school environment. Adolescents have enough to worry about (which they're good at), and their need for a caring support structure is a paramount concern. Experimentation is natural and healthy for them, within limits.

RcouF1uZ4gsC 8y ago

Many of these risky behaviors are likely to take place at night. Students who are out partying and drinking are likely to be doing this at night, which will cut down into their sleep time. The implication of this study is that the lack of sleep is causing the risky behaviors. However, saying that risky behavior caused less sleep could also be as reasonable an implication.

sbecker 8y ago

Part 2 of study: "Insufficient Sleep Associated with Risky Adult Behavior As Well!"

manishsharan 8y ago

I wish high school teachers would take note of this. My kid goes to an accelerated program high school in Toronto and she is so swamped with homework and tests, she hardly gets any sleep on weeknights and on some weekends too.

stephengillie 8y ago
Have you talked to the teachers? Or helped your kid to create a study schedule?
bena 8y ago
Take this study with a grain of salt. It only shows that teens who engage in risky behavior are more likely to get less sleep, not that less sleep leads to risky behavior in teens.
- chillacy 8y ago
  We know in small scale sleep lab studies that low sleep leads to changes in emotional processing (one of the functions of REM sleep is to tune your emotional regulation), so that at least offers a plausible mechanism of action. As far as risky behavior though, you're right that causation isn't yet firmly established here. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/dream-catcher/201112/rem-sleep-emotional-regulation-and-prefrontal-cortex https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/dream-catcher/201112... https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3163498/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3163498/
cbhl 8y ago
There are lots of options to mitigate this. You can take them out of the accelerated/gifted program and put them back on the "normal" university track in high school. The big risk is that it will cause your kid to get alienated socially among both the "normal" and the "gifted" kids, so make sure that your kid is involved in the decision-making process. If your kid has an IEP, you can also talk to the teacher to get accommodations. For example, maybe your kid could quietly work on their homework during their school day, instead of being forced to pay attention to the teacher's lecture. You can also just tell the kid that they can decide how much homework they want to complete. In high school and university, any un-completed work just gets recorded as a zero; if the kid is already getting 80s and 90s then a few missed or half-complete assignment questions shouldn't materially affect their final grade (provided they understand enough of the main concepts to complete major tests/projects/exams). Having a strategy for deciding what work is safest to drop/defer when you're overwhelmed is a useful skill both in upper education and in the workplace. Source: Went to a high school in York Region.

jaclaz 8y ago

I wonder if similar experiments have been done in the military, where you have a good number of young people that basically sleep as much as you let them sleep, and that during the day are subject to (extreme) fatigue/training (the amount of which is anyway under your control), including some (allowed/part of the training) fights.

thrower123 8y ago
The military has a pretty good idea just how long they can keep people awake, and what the best combinations of stimulants are to keep them in warfighting condition. The Wehrmacht in WW2 used an awful lot of amphetamines, and dexedrine has been in common usage for a long time as well.
- zentiggr 8y ago
  Grunt candy.
- otakucode 8y ago
  The US Air Force still uses 'go pills' (methamphetamines) during operations to keep people awake. I would expect them to prefer something like provigil, but that just might be a matter of time. It causes problems, though, when an airman hopped up on meth kills a bunch of ally troops as happened several years back with some Canadian forces.
- EamonnMR 8y ago
  Maybe not: https://taskandpurpose.com/fitzgerald-mccain-sleep-deprivation-navy/ https://taskandpurpose.com/fitzgerald-mccain-sleep-deprivati...

JoeAltmaier 8y ago

In other news, hunger causes eating and heat makes you sweat!

bena 8y ago

Oh. Twice as much. That's a lot, right? We could be moving from 1% to 2% here. Technically true, but statistically meaningless. So while we could say that a teen who engages in risky behavior is less likely to have adequate sleep, we can't say that a teen that has inadequate sleep is likely to engage in risky behavior. And if we're looking to identify teens likely to engage in risky behavior, it's useless. And there are other things to consider as well. The study was done with 67,615 participants. 70% who are sleep-deprived compared to 30% who are "well-rested". The population of "sleep-deprived" is much, much larger. Also, we're looking at self-reporting. A bit unreliable in the best conditions. And we're drawing a casual link here that may not actually exist. They both may be symptoms of a third problem. For instance, students in impoverished conditions may have more risky behavior regardless of sleep schedules. And if that was the real reason, forcing more sleep on people is hardly going to fix the problem.

otakucode 8y ago

And the consequences of insufficient sleep on adult behavior? Child behavior? Elderly behavior? Perhaps this is a human trait, and not something isolated to the ever-examined and ever more heavily regulated adolescent? Not that any of this is news. That adolescents need more sleep than any other age group, and that they suffer tremendously from being deprived it by adults, has been known for an extremely long time. When I was in high school in the 90s, there were dozens of studies about it even then. But adults don't care. The most common resistance to the notion of starting high school later is that it would interfere with football practice, making it a total non-starter. That football destroys brains, teaches mob mentality, and other such things doesn't matter. It is, to our society, far too important to let those other matters interfere.

Jedd 8y ago
> And the consequences of insufficient sleep on ... Ahh.. the Copenhagen Interpretation of studies. This particular study is about teenagers - perhaps because 'risky teen behaviour' is something you're more likely to find in teenagers, or, less churlishly, because risky behaviour in general is something you find much more often in teenagers. Also compare age-segmented stats for depression, suicides, violence, etc - and they're an obviously higher at-risk demographic. > Not that any of this is news. That adolescents need more sleep than any other age group, and that they suffer tremendously from being deprived it by adults, has been known for an extremely long time. This is not true. Outside of newborns / toddlers, pretty much everyone needs about 8 hours of sleep. Changes as you get (much) older make it more difficult to get the full 8 hours, and adolescents' circadian rhythms means that to the uninformed it seems like they want more / less / longer / lazier etc. They don't - all the current research indicates they need ~8 hours too, but they don't naturally want to fall asleep until 2-3 hours after the average 25+yo. > But adults don't care. This is a breathtaking thing to say. > The most common resistance to the notion of starting high school later is that it would interfere with football practice, making it a total non-starter. I'd suggest this courageous hypothesis could at best apply to something less than 5% of the world.

blazespin 8y ago

Common cause, adhd leads to both.

chillacy 8y ago
Funny story, insufficient sleep looks a lot like adhd: https://www.additudemag.com/symptoms-of-insomnia/ https://www.additudemag.com/symptoms-of-insomnia/

deleted 8y ago

[deleted]

cbhl 8y ago

I would expect the confounding variable in this study to be peer pressure. If your peers can pressure you into drinking alcohol or using marijuana, they probably peer pressure you into staying up late -- to do the aforementioned activities.

dave1619 8y ago

I wish Elon would read this article and get some sleep.