I think there are some misleading points in a hardware perspective at intro. > That is, gone are the days of serial communication. In that sense, all communica

I think there are some misleading points in a hardware perspective at intro. > That is, gone are the days of serial communication. In that sense, all communications between the CPU and peripherals is therefore asynchronous at a hardware level. At a hardware level, 99.99% of modern peripherals are based on serial communication (e.g. USB, PCIe, I2C...), and these serial comminications are of course fully asynchronous. They implement concurrent communication at a higher level. > Think of the simple case, where the CPU would ask the peripheral to read something, and it would then go in an infinite loop, Many peripherals are logic blocks that doesn’t infinite loop internally. Infinite loop is a kind of software techniques and they don’t need to implement looping to do their job.