Hmm. On UNIX read() and write() are not universal; you can't use them on directories, for instance, nor can you use them on various other things like unconnecte

Hmm. On UNIX read() and write() are not universal; you can't use them on directories, for instance, nor can you use them on various other things like unconnected UDP sockets. Treating everything like an undifferentiated sequence of bytes can cause impedence mismatches; each of these types of handles has very different ways that you work with it. For instance, a VMO is just a region in memory. A FIFO is a very small queue for short equally sized messages between processes. A socket is an undifferentiated stream of bytes. A channel is a datagram oriented channel with the ability to pass handles. The log is for kernel and low level device driver logging. In fact, it looks like the Zircon kernel has no actual knowledge of filesystem files or directories; they are actually channels that talk to the filesystem driver (another userspace process) over a particular protocol. The thing about having one single universal interface like read() and write() to a lot of fairly different things is that they each actually support different operations; you can't actually cat or echo to a socket (not without piping into nc, which does that for you). Or you can't just echo data into most device files and expect it to work; some of them you can, like block devices, but others you need to manipulate with ioctls to configure properly. What Fuchsia is doing here is acknowledging the different nature of the different types of IPC mechanisms, and so giving them each APIs that better matches what they represent. A VMO can be randomly read and written to; none of the others can. A FIFO can only accept messages in an integral number of equal size pieces that are smaller than the FIFO size, which is limited at a maximum of 4096 bytes; it is used for very small signals to be used in conjunction with other mechansims like VMOs. A socket provides the traditional stream abstraction, like a pipe or SOCK_STREAM on UNIX, in which you can read or write new data but can't seek at all. A channel provides datagram based messages along with passing handles. One of the big things that I think the Unix model makes hard is telling when something is going to block; because read and write assume that the file is one big undifferentiated blob of bytes, it can be hard to tell when it's safe to do so without blocking. On the other hand, each of these is able to have particular guarantees about what you can do when they report that there is space available. I admit that the log ones seem redundant; I would think they would make more sense as just a particular protocol over channels. I don't see any reason for that one to exist separately. I wonder why you would think it would be better to have one interface that isn't an exact match for a lot of different IPC types, than separate specific interfaces that match them? They are all tied together by being handles, so you can dup them, send them to other processes, and select on them just the same, but the read and write operations behave quite differently on each so having an API that reflects that seems reasonable. If you like to think in object oriented terms, think of them as subclasses of handle. If you like to think in terms of traits or interfaces, think of there being one generic handle interface, plus specific operations for each type of handle. The "every thing is a file, and a file is an undifferentiated bag of bytes" is in some ways a strength of UNIX, but in other ways a weakness. You then have to build protocols and formats on top of that, kernel buffer boundaries don't necessarily match up with the framing of the protocol on top, and so on. And all it takes to give you the power to manipulate things in the shell is appropriate adapter tools. Just like nc on UNIX allows you to pipe in to something that will send the data out on a socket, you need some adapter programs that can translate from one of these to another (and from filesystem files, since those don't even exist at this abstraction level); of course, in many cases, you're probably going to need some serialization format for things like channel datagram boundaries, and there are some things that just can't be translated from a plain text bag of bytes (like handles).