7 ms·

Spacewar: Fanatic Life and Symbolic Death Among the Computer Bums (1972)

95 points by jihadjihad 9y ago

vinceguidry 9y ago
In case anyone here hasn't read it yet, this should be required reading for any would-be computer geek: https://www.amazon.com/Hackers-Computer-Revolution-Steven-Levy/dp/1449388396 https://www.amazon.com/Hackers-Computer-Revolution-Steven-Le... I picked this up randomly off a university library shelf and before I knew it, I was halfway through the book and my feet were hurting.
- archagon 9y ago
  Reading the book now and it’s making me a little sad. Where can I find today’s Tech Model Railroad Club, Homebrew Computer Club, Community Memory, People’s Computer Company? Are there still places left where computing is small, local, non-commercial and so alive? I love programming, but I’ve never felt myself to be part of any tribe like the people in Hackers clearly do. It all just feels so commoditized and un-magical these days!
  - brlewis 9y ago
    I've been programming since the 1980s. The number of small, non-commercial and alive projects only increased with sourceforge, github and gitlab. For local, check meetup. Programming is more magical than ever these days IMO.
  - vinceguidry 9y ago
    If it's just small, local, non-commercial you're looking for, there's any number of hackerspaces you can get memberships to. There's still lots of domains where you can do discovery, like 3D printing and making electronic music live. What made the H:HotCR environment so weird and crazy and compelling was a) the fact that they were the very first to be working with this equipment, b) they worked in a university setting, and c) the weird dynamic between school administrators and the geeks.
  - racer-v 9y ago
    There's Homebrew Website Club. These guys are doing the hard work to take back the Internet from social media conglomerates https://indieweb.org/Homebrew_Website_Club https://indieweb.org/Homebrew_Website_Club Also the distributed Internet (e.g. IPFS) and DIY CPU (as in free FPGA tooling) communities.
  - atmanthedog 9y ago
    This is a 'classic' take on a phenomenon that I believe is deeply related to what you are describing: https://meaningness.com/geeks-mops-sociopaths https://meaningness.com/geeks-mops-sociopaths FWIW, I think I originally read this here on HN.
  - westoncb 9y ago
    Hackers was very inspirational to me when I read it as a ~17 year old. I'd been programming off and on for a while, but just really getting into it at that point—and the attitudes of many of the folks in the book resonated strongly with me (especially the early MIT hackers). I naively thought I'd find a group of people like this in college, and of course failed to. I moved around the country some looking for people, too (mostly in Berkeley, CA and Cambridge, MA)—but never had much luck. Definitely not saying they aren't out there, or that my searches in those places were exhaustive, but I did look and failed to turn anything up. My current view is that it's difficult for at least a couple of reason: 1) It requires the group to have some some kind of unifying aim (even if it's very loose/general) and (ideally) a physical location members can return to regularly which fosters both serious work and the ability to relax/socialize/goof around. Seems like some makerspaces are pretty good with this, but from what I can tell typically don't have sufficient focus on software/CS to be of interest to me. 2) It's hard to search for these things because the results will overwhelmingly be filled with folks who don't actually feel much compelled by pure hacking but describe themselves as such for professional reasons. In my experience this is mostly what programming Meetups are about: making contacts to find jobs, or people trying to get themselves to learn some new tech, not because they are particularly curious but because it would improve their resume. I think part of the problem may also be related to viewing the discovery/creation of such a group as something easier than it really is. I'd bet both the difficulty of finding it and the potential rewards of doing so are higher than people typically expect. Doing a few google searches and occasionally asking around town will not be sufficient. That said—anyone else here in Tucson presently? :)
    - archagon 9y ago
      Hey, I'm currently in the bumming-around-Berkeley part of your journey! One of the reasons I found the Community Memory chapter of Hackers so inspiring (apart from the Berkeley connection) was because it described a piece of technology that brought local people together by design. Today, we can go online and find out what people are saying in any part of the world on any conceivable topic. But barring a few notable exceptions like Nextdoor, there seems to be relatively little focus on technology that connects us with our neighbors and colleagues (except in a roundabout way). When I was a student at Cal, our Livejournal group hosted a biannual event called AnonCon, where hundreds of people would gather in a single thread and anonymously moan about finals, gossip about campus life, and discuss who they were crushing on. At the co-op where I was living at the time, this was a Big Event: people would huddle in the living room under blankets and have a merry old time reading threads and adding their own thoughts to the pile. You'd run into AnonCon participants in the real world who you'd have never thought were clued in to this sort of thing. It felt like the campus was suddenly electrified through the comments section of this simple blog post! We weren't really online, but part a quirky campus community brought together by way of technology. It makes me wonder if maybe these kinds of communities could be kickstarted with a modern take on Community Memory: a distributed database or forum combined with some sort of physical beacon that would facilitate peer-to-peer connections between local devices. There would be no pathway to the internet: if you wanted to know what was going on in your community, you'd have to go to a particular location (or find a friend) and grab the latest snapshot of the database directly. Perhaps someone might hide a beacon in their favorite café, seed it with some comp-sci talk, and then see who shows up to trade thoughts! Idealistic communities with unified aims and physical haunts could almost emerge out of the ether — in cafés, libraries, community centers and parks. If globally-hosted communities incentivize people to spread out, perhaps peer-to-peer communities could incentivize people to grow closer together. And maybe, the kind of unity and camaraderie evident in those oddball Hackers communities would subsequently follow.
  - carwyn 9y ago
    Create your own. That's what we did with http://northwales.tech/ http://northwales.tech/
- barbs 9y ago
  Indeed a great book, but when I mentioned it to my friend he cracked up at how corny the title was.
- zandorg 9y ago
  The secretive Hacker Conference is for people featured in the book Hackers. Ted Nelson is one person who I know, who is in it.
  - archagon 9y ago
    Interesting, this pointed me to a documentary that might be worth watching: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackers:_Wizards_of_the_Electronic_Age https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackers:_Wizards_of_the_Electr...
masswerk 9y ago
Also not to be missed, "The Origin of Spacewar" by J. M. Graetz (Creative Computing, Aug 1981), recounting from an inside perspective how the original MIT Spacewar! was born. http://www.masswerk.at/spacewar/SpacewarOrigin.html http://www.masswerk.at/spacewar/SpacewarOrigin.html Martin Graetz was also reading a short paper on Spacewar! at the first DECUS (Digital Equipment Computer Users Society) conference in summer 1962, "Spacewar! – Real-Time Capabilities of the PDP-1": http://www.masswerk.at/spacewar/decus1962/ http://www.masswerk.at/spacewar/decus1962/
deleted 9y ago
[deleted]
vgf 9y ago
When i visited the Computer History Museum in MV a while ago there happened to be a live play session going on with the original hardware, with a bunch of excited people in this little room (the door had to be closed to create enough darkness to make that old screen visible). I didn't get to play, but that was okay. Watching a bunch of (really polite) strangers huddled together, all excited about playing/watching this first graphical computer game was reward enough.
- GeorgeTirebiter 9y ago
  When I wrote the original Restoration Proposal for the CHM's pdp-1 in 2003, along with Ace engineers Joe Fredrick (h/w) and Eric Smith (s/w), we envisioned Spacewar! running and being demonstrated to ever-new generations of folks. Hearing your story is heartwarming, as we were hoping others would be similarly rewarded. Come back again and play some. Not well-publicized: Every 5th Saturday of the months that have 5th Saturdays we hold a Spacewar! Tournament, and the prizes are Spacewar! T-shirts signed by Steve Russell and Peter Sampson (Steve wrote the main game and had help from Shag and a few others; Peter added a realistic star field, showing what one would see outside in Cambridge MA). We ran Spacewar! for the first time during the restore on Feb 29, 2005. So we're coming up soon on 13 years...
RNeff 9y ago
SpaceWar running on a restored PDP-1 is demoed on the 1st and 3rd Saturdays at 2:30 and 3:15 at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, CA. While you are there, you also see the demos of the restored IBM 1401 (punched card computing from the early 1960's) at 11:00 on Saturdays, and Wednesdays at 3:00.
- masswerk 9y ago
  See also this video shot at the CHM (by Marc Verdiell), "Lyle Bickley explains the PDP-1 (and we play the original Spacewar!)": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1EWQYAfuMYw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1EWQYAfuMYw
- ajlburke 9y ago
  I cannot recommend this highly enough. It's a real slice of history. If you're lucky they'll actually let you play the game - which is still a fun challenge. When I went there a few years ago, the PDP-1 demos were actually done by the original guys who programmed Spacewar! I don't know if they're still doing that, but it's magical to be in the presence of these pioneers. This industry is young enough that many of the original masters are still alive and eager to share their stories and achievements.
  - alblue 9y ago
    Yes, they are still there and running the demos - I watched them there on Saturday.
platz 9y ago
https://twitter.com/LIL_ICEBUNNY/status/950572304655966208 https://twitter.com/LIL_ICEBUNNY/status/950572304655966208
sciurus 9y ago
If you enjoy reading about computer gaming in this era, get a copy of The Friendly Orange Glow. The author goes into (sometimes exhausting) detail of the authors and players of games on the PLATO system as part of his larger exploration of the groundbreaking culture of PLATO. http://friendlyorangeglow.com/ http://friendlyorangeglow.com/
cornholio 9y ago
This sounds like a 1963 worm on a PDP-1: They used to program the thing either in direct machine code, direct octal, or in DDT, In the early days it was a paper-tape machine. It was painful to assemble stuff, so they never listed out the programs. The programs and stuff just lived in there, just raw seething octal code. And one of the guys wrote a program called 'The Unknown Glitch,' which at random intervals would wake up, print out I AM THE UNKNOWN GLITCH. CATCH ME IF YOU CAN, and then it would relocate itself somewhere else in core memory, set a clock interrupt, and go back to sleep. There was no way to find it.
- KON_Air 9y ago
  At first thought why didn't they dump the memory, print it out and find it, after all they did write everything "raw". But then I realized by the time they could dump-print-find, it would have moved on. It is glorious.
cyberferret 9y ago
Wow, I remember playing Spacewar on an IBM-XT, way back in the 80's. It was one of my favourite games back then, and if I recall correctly, the first 'multi player' game I ever played with my friends (with two people sharing the same keyboard). Incredible fun, and I remember being amazed by the physics and smooth animation. I cannot recall though, if the game actually worked on the old IBM monochrome monitors that did not have a Hercules graphics card. I seem to remember that the developers hacked it to run graphically by manually manipulating the dots at the hardware level?! I could be wrong though.
- hnzix 9y ago
  I played it on an XT with CGA, no Hercules and 512kb RAM. It looked really crispy and was in stark black and white.
  - cyberferret 9y ago
    I do recall playing it on a CGA equipped machine later, but I distinctly remember my first experience of it being on the original green screen monochrome, and I was blown away. Wish I could remember if that machine had a Hercules graphics card in it, but I seem to remember someone saying that it didn't, and that the game was revolutionary because it went down to the display BIOS to manipulate the individual green pixels.
sehugg 9y ago
Though no one has done it yet, Alan Kay is convinced a modest Spacewar could be built cheap: “You can do motion with a couple of integrators. Heathkit has this l6-integrator analogue computer you can build as a kit for 700 bucks or something like that. You have to have two layers of integrators to get an inverse-square law, so you should be able to get gravity and orbits with that one. To make spaceship outlines and explosion patterns you need a few bits of digital memory. Two chips worth of register file should do it. I think electronics stores may carry the chips. Funny that Atari's first game Computer Space was developed the year before the article went to press, with an old black-and-white TV and some cascading digital counter chips, similar to how PONG would later simulate ball motion. And the spaceship outlines were literally outlined on the circuit board with diodes: http://www.masswerk.at/rc2017/04/images/e02-computerspace-diodelayout.jpg http://www.masswerk.at/rc2017/04/images/e02-computerspace-di...
forapurpose 9y ago
As Andy Moorer puts it, “Basically all you have to do is read a book on computer programming, and you're an instant computer scientist.” Alan Kay insists that most of computer science can be mastered in one year of close attention. That's how young a science it is. There's a great value in that simplicity; it empowers people and arguably is a leading reason for all the innovation that has followed. As we make things more complex - UEFI, systemd, HTML5, HTTP/2, Google's AMP-based email proposal, email authentication technologies (DKIM, etc) and more come to mind - we disempower more and more people. I'm not saying that none of the technologies above should have been implemented; sometimes complexity is worthwhile. But we should work hard to maintain the simplicity (and transparency) that creates a 'freedom to tinker' in the practical sense, not just in the legal sense. Should the computer program the kid or should the kid program the computer?
msh 9y ago
Computer bum, anyone know what they mean by that? Have never heard that expression before.
- rambojazz 9y ago
  A person who does not own a computer, and spends hours in libraries or anyplace else they can find one.

95 points by jihadjihad 9y ago

In case anyone here hasn't read it yet, this should be required reading for any would-be computer geek: https://www.amazon.com/Hackers-Computer-Revolution-Steven-Levy/dp/1449388396 https://www.amazon.com/Hackers-Computer-Revolution-Steven-Le... I picked this up randomly off a university library shelf and before I knew it, I was halfway through the book and my feet were hurting.

archagon 9y ago
Reading the book now and it’s making me a little sad. Where can I find today’s Tech Model Railroad Club, Homebrew Computer Club, Community Memory, People’s Computer Company? Are there still places left where computing is small, local, non-commercial and so alive? I love programming, but I’ve never felt myself to be part of any tribe like the people in Hackers clearly do. It all just feels so commoditized and un-magical these days!
- brlewis 9y ago
  I've been programming since the 1980s. The number of small, non-commercial and alive projects only increased with sourceforge, github and gitlab. For local, check meetup. Programming is more magical than ever these days IMO.
- vinceguidry 9y ago
  If it's just small, local, non-commercial you're looking for, there's any number of hackerspaces you can get memberships to. There's still lots of domains where you can do discovery, like 3D printing and making electronic music live. What made the H:HotCR environment so weird and crazy and compelling was a) the fact that they were the very first to be working with this equipment, b) they worked in a university setting, and c) the weird dynamic between school administrators and the geeks.
- racer-v 9y ago
  There's Homebrew Website Club. These guys are doing the hard work to take back the Internet from social media conglomerates https://indieweb.org/Homebrew_Website_Club https://indieweb.org/Homebrew_Website_Club Also the distributed Internet (e.g. IPFS) and DIY CPU (as in free FPGA tooling) communities.
- atmanthedog 9y ago
  This is a 'classic' take on a phenomenon that I believe is deeply related to what you are describing: https://meaningness.com/geeks-mops-sociopaths https://meaningness.com/geeks-mops-sociopaths FWIW, I think I originally read this here on HN.
- westoncb 9y ago
  Hackers was very inspirational to me when I read it as a ~17 year old. I'd been programming off and on for a while, but just really getting into it at that point—and the attitudes of many of the folks in the book resonated strongly with me (especially the early MIT hackers). I naively thought I'd find a group of people like this in college, and of course failed to. I moved around the country some looking for people, too (mostly in Berkeley, CA and Cambridge, MA)—but never had much luck. Definitely not saying they aren't out there, or that my searches in those places were exhaustive, but I did look and failed to turn anything up. My current view is that it's difficult for at least a couple of reason: 1) It requires the group to have some some kind of unifying aim (even if it's very loose/general) and (ideally) a physical location members can return to regularly which fosters both serious work and the ability to relax/socialize/goof around. Seems like some makerspaces are pretty good with this, but from what I can tell typically don't have sufficient focus on software/CS to be of interest to me. 2) It's hard to search for these things because the results will overwhelmingly be filled with folks who don't actually feel much compelled by pure hacking but describe themselves as such for professional reasons. In my experience this is mostly what programming Meetups are about: making contacts to find jobs, or people trying to get themselves to learn some new tech, not because they are particularly curious but because it would improve their resume. I think part of the problem may also be related to viewing the discovery/creation of such a group as something easier than it really is. I'd bet both the difficulty of finding it and the potential rewards of doing so are higher than people typically expect. Doing a few google searches and occasionally asking around town will not be sufficient. That said—anyone else here in Tucson presently? :)
  - archagon 9y ago
    Hey, I'm currently in the bumming-around-Berkeley part of your journey! One of the reasons I found the Community Memory chapter of Hackers so inspiring (apart from the Berkeley connection) was because it described a piece of technology that brought local people together by design. Today, we can go online and find out what people are saying in any part of the world on any conceivable topic. But barring a few notable exceptions like Nextdoor, there seems to be relatively little focus on technology that connects us with our neighbors and colleagues (except in a roundabout way). When I was a student at Cal, our Livejournal group hosted a biannual event called AnonCon, where hundreds of people would gather in a single thread and anonymously moan about finals, gossip about campus life, and discuss who they were crushing on. At the co-op where I was living at the time, this was a Big Event: people would huddle in the living room under blankets and have a merry old time reading threads and adding their own thoughts to the pile. You'd run into AnonCon participants in the real world who you'd have never thought were clued in to this sort of thing. It felt like the campus was suddenly electrified through the comments section of this simple blog post! We weren't really online, but part a quirky campus community brought together by way of technology. It makes me wonder if maybe these kinds of communities could be kickstarted with a modern take on Community Memory: a distributed database or forum combined with some sort of physical beacon that would facilitate peer-to-peer connections between local devices. There would be no pathway to the internet: if you wanted to know what was going on in your community, you'd have to go to a particular location (or find a friend) and grab the latest snapshot of the database directly. Perhaps someone might hide a beacon in their favorite café, seed it with some comp-sci talk, and then see who shows up to trade thoughts! Idealistic communities with unified aims and physical haunts could almost emerge out of the ether — in cafés, libraries, community centers and parks. If globally-hosted communities incentivize people to spread out, perhaps peer-to-peer communities could incentivize people to grow closer together. And maybe, the kind of unity and camaraderie evident in those oddball Hackers communities would subsequently follow.
- carwyn 9y ago
  Create your own. That's what we did with http://northwales.tech/ http://northwales.tech/
barbs 9y ago
Indeed a great book, but when I mentioned it to my friend he cracked up at how corny the title was.
zandorg 9y ago
The secretive Hacker Conference is for people featured in the book Hackers. Ted Nelson is one person who I know, who is in it.
- archagon 9y ago
  Interesting, this pointed me to a documentary that might be worth watching: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackers:_Wizards_of_the_Electronic_Age https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackers:_Wizards_of_the_Electr...

masswerk 9y ago

Also not to be missed, "The Origin of Spacewar" by J. M. Graetz (Creative Computing, Aug 1981), recounting from an inside perspective how the original MIT Spacewar! was born. http://www.masswerk.at/spacewar/SpacewarOrigin.html http://www.masswerk.at/spacewar/SpacewarOrigin.html Martin Graetz was also reading a short paper on Spacewar! at the first DECUS (Digital Equipment Computer Users Society) conference in summer 1962, "Spacewar! – Real-Time Capabilities of the PDP-1": http://www.masswerk.at/spacewar/decus1962/ http://www.masswerk.at/spacewar/decus1962/

deleted 9y ago

[deleted]

vgf 9y ago

When i visited the Computer History Museum in MV a while ago there happened to be a live play session going on with the original hardware, with a bunch of excited people in this little room (the door had to be closed to create enough darkness to make that old screen visible). I didn't get to play, but that was okay. Watching a bunch of (really polite) strangers huddled together, all excited about playing/watching this first graphical computer game was reward enough.

GeorgeTirebiter 9y ago
When I wrote the original Restoration Proposal for the CHM's pdp-1 in 2003, along with Ace engineers Joe Fredrick (h/w) and Eric Smith (s/w), we envisioned Spacewar! running and being demonstrated to ever-new generations of folks. Hearing your story is heartwarming, as we were hoping others would be similarly rewarded. Come back again and play some. Not well-publicized: Every 5th Saturday of the months that have 5th Saturdays we hold a Spacewar! Tournament, and the prizes are Spacewar! T-shirts signed by Steve Russell and Peter Sampson (Steve wrote the main game and had help from Shag and a few others; Peter added a realistic star field, showing what one would see outside in Cambridge MA). We ran Spacewar! for the first time during the restore on Feb 29, 2005. So we're coming up soon on 13 years...

RNeff 9y ago

SpaceWar running on a restored PDP-1 is demoed on the 1st and 3rd Saturdays at 2:30 and 3:15 at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, CA. While you are there, you also see the demos of the restored IBM 1401 (punched card computing from the early 1960's) at 11:00 on Saturdays, and Wednesdays at 3:00.

masswerk 9y ago
See also this video shot at the CHM (by Marc Verdiell), "Lyle Bickley explains the PDP-1 (and we play the original Spacewar!)": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1EWQYAfuMYw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1EWQYAfuMYw
ajlburke 9y ago
I cannot recommend this highly enough. It's a real slice of history. If you're lucky they'll actually let you play the game - which is still a fun challenge. When I went there a few years ago, the PDP-1 demos were actually done by the original guys who programmed Spacewar! I don't know if they're still doing that, but it's magical to be in the presence of these pioneers. This industry is young enough that many of the original masters are still alive and eager to share their stories and achievements.
- alblue 9y ago
  Yes, they are still there and running the demos - I watched them there on Saturday.

platz 9y ago

https://twitter.com/LIL_ICEBUNNY/status/950572304655966208 https://twitter.com/LIL_ICEBUNNY/status/950572304655966208

sciurus 9y ago

If you enjoy reading about computer gaming in this era, get a copy of The Friendly Orange Glow. The author goes into (sometimes exhausting) detail of the authors and players of games on the PLATO system as part of his larger exploration of the groundbreaking culture of PLATO. http://friendlyorangeglow.com/ http://friendlyorangeglow.com/

cornholio 9y ago

This sounds like a 1963 worm on a PDP-1: They used to program the thing either in direct machine code, direct octal, or in DDT, In the early days it was a paper-tape machine. It was painful to assemble stuff, so they never listed out the programs. The programs and stuff just lived in there, just raw seething octal code. And one of the guys wrote a program called 'The Unknown Glitch,' which at random intervals would wake up, print out I AM THE UNKNOWN GLITCH. CATCH ME IF YOU CAN, and then it would relocate itself somewhere else in core memory, set a clock interrupt, and go back to sleep. There was no way to find it.

KON_Air 9y ago
At first thought why didn't they dump the memory, print it out and find it, after all they did write everything "raw". But then I realized by the time they could dump-print-find, it would have moved on. It is glorious.

cyberferret 9y ago

Wow, I remember playing Spacewar on an IBM-XT, way back in the 80's. It was one of my favourite games back then, and if I recall correctly, the first 'multi player' game I ever played with my friends (with two people sharing the same keyboard). Incredible fun, and I remember being amazed by the physics and smooth animation. I cannot recall though, if the game actually worked on the old IBM monochrome monitors that did not have a Hercules graphics card. I seem to remember that the developers hacked it to run graphically by manually manipulating the dots at the hardware level?! I could be wrong though.

hnzix 9y ago
I played it on an XT with CGA, no Hercules and 512kb RAM. It looked really crispy and was in stark black and white.
- cyberferret 9y ago
  I do recall playing it on a CGA equipped machine later, but I distinctly remember my first experience of it being on the original green screen monochrome, and I was blown away. Wish I could remember if that machine had a Hercules graphics card in it, but I seem to remember someone saying that it didn't, and that the game was revolutionary because it went down to the display BIOS to manipulate the individual green pixels.

sehugg 9y ago

Though no one has done it yet, Alan Kay is convinced a modest Spacewar could be built cheap: “You can do motion with a couple of integrators. Heathkit has this l6-integrator analogue computer you can build as a kit for 700 bucks or something like that. You have to have two layers of integrators to get an inverse-square law, so you should be able to get gravity and orbits with that one. To make spaceship outlines and explosion patterns you need a few bits of digital memory. Two chips worth of register file should do it. I think electronics stores may carry the chips. Funny that Atari's first game Computer Space was developed the year before the article went to press, with an old black-and-white TV and some cascading digital counter chips, similar to how PONG would later simulate ball motion. And the spaceship outlines were literally outlined on the circuit board with diodes: http://www.masswerk.at/rc2017/04/images/e02-computerspace-diodelayout.jpg http://www.masswerk.at/rc2017/04/images/e02-computerspace-di...

forapurpose 9y ago

As Andy Moorer puts it, “Basically all you have to do is read a book on computer programming, and you're an instant computer scientist.” Alan Kay insists that most of computer science can be mastered in one year of close attention. That's how young a science it is. There's a great value in that simplicity; it empowers people and arguably is a leading reason for all the innovation that has followed. As we make things more complex - UEFI, systemd, HTML5, HTTP/2, Google's AMP-based email proposal, email authentication technologies (DKIM, etc) and more come to mind - we disempower more and more people. I'm not saying that none of the technologies above should have been implemented; sometimes complexity is worthwhile. But we should work hard to maintain the simplicity (and transparency) that creates a 'freedom to tinker' in the practical sense, not just in the legal sense. Should the computer program the kid or should the kid program the computer?

msh 9y ago

Computer bum, anyone know what they mean by that? Have never heard that expression before.

rambojazz 9y ago
A person who does not own a computer, and spends hours in libraries or anyplace else they can find one.