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As a counter-point: People can hold beliefs because they have certain consequences. Simple example: "all people are created equal". This is a belief that is (

by jabot 9y ago

As a counter-point: People can hold beliefs because they have certain consequences. Simple example: "all people are created equal". This is a belief that is (probably) frequently held because it has assumed beneficial consequences for society. So if people choose to believe in something because that has certain consequences - then a belief can be political. EDIT: To expand on this a little... It seems to me that you divorce a belief itself from its consequences. As there are a lot of beliefs that have immediate and direct political and social consequences, i think that this separation is questionable. If you have a belief, you probably will act on that belief. Having a belief and _not_ acting on it _at all_ seems rather useless and abstract to me. I'm not saying that this doesn't happen, but in general, if some person has a belief, he (or she) will act on that belief. So, to be blunt: for some beliefs, having them is a political act.

akvadrako 9y ago
> People can hold beliefs because they have certain consequences. Nearly all beliefs are of this type. I believe the Earth orbits the Sun because it's helps me predict the seasons.
- jabot 9y ago
  In a narrow sense you are probably right. In a more general sense, consider the "laws of physics". People believe in them not because of their consequences, but because they explain reality (and quite well). So people believe in gravity because it has worked for them in the past, and because it has been verified. Also... _not_ believing in gravity will not make much of a difference for your life (as long as you don't start jumping off cliffs of course). EDIT: I forgot about religion. AFAIK, most people believe in religion because they have been taught/indoctrinated/raised to believe in it, and _not_ because they have (deeply) thought about the social consequences of their particular religion.
  - akvadrako 9y ago
    About religion: it may not be about societal consequences, but personal ones; acceptance of your peers, the afterlife, ...
  - pbhjpbhj 9y ago
    The laws of Physics don't explain reality, they model it to our best approximation. >and because it has been verified. // That may be true for you but is essentially an appeal to authority. Most scientists claim to be falsificationists and the current agreed Scientific Method is one of Popperian falsification. Your comment on cliffs belies an ignorance of epistemology - people didn't used to have a gravitational theory, as far as we know no animals have one, that doesn't mean you then jump off cliffs. One's beliefs about reality don't fundamentally change reality.
    - jabot 9y ago
      That was not the point I was trying to make, sorry. GP said: >> People can hold beliefs because they have certain consequences. > Nearly all beliefs are of this type. I believe the Earth orbits the Sun because it's helps me predict the seasons. I think there are a lot of beliefs that are held not because they have beneficial consequences, but for other reasons. Religion as a belief is held by most people because they have been brought up with it. (converts nonwithstanding) Scientific theories are believed (i.e. held true, used for explanations of reality) because they predict stuff that actually happens and can not be falsified. Both of these are not believed primarily because their belief has actual consequences IMHO.
Scea91 9y ago
Just note that believing something because it has nice consequences is just logically wrong. Formally: 1) A => B 2) I would really like B to be true, because it has some benefits. 3) Therefore A must be true. If we are in search of truth and want to build a consistent model of the world then we just can't accept this kind of reasoning. Also, even if A really turns out to be false, it doesn't mean that B can't be true and our world will forever be sad i.e. Even if it turns out that all people are not created equal, we can still live in just and enlightened society which treats everyone fairly. And of course the implication between A => B may not even exist. Is it really true that if all people were created equal the society would benefit?
- jabot 9y ago
  First, please do not get too hung up about "all people are created equal". It's just an example in this context. > If we are in search of truth and want to build a consistent model of the world then we just can't accept this kind of reasoning. Yes, you can. It's called generalizing. Remember, we're not doing math here, this is ethics. Think about all the different situations where being treated equally to someone else is a good thing. Now you generalize that into "everyone is created equal", and that turns into a justification for all these situations. If you want to criticise the generalization into A, there is a way: Construct some C so that 1) A => C 2) C is not beneficial Alternatively, you can attack the implication "A => B" or you can question whether or not B is beneficial.
  - wantstosaysome 9y ago
    >we're not doing math here, this is ethics. What does that even mean? Ethics is moot, if the logical eventuality of the flawed reasoning is net harm. >Think about all the different situations where being treated equally to someone else is a good thing. Now you generalize that into "everyone is created equal", and that turns into a justification for all these situations. Please clarify here. Justification for all these situations? Or Justification for the belief? If it is the latter, the belief cannot be justified if the does not reflect reality. All it help to create false expectations and what ever loss/harm it causes.
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deleted 9y ago
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barrkel 9y ago
When beliefs run counter to reality, the divergence between what is, and what is perceived ought to be, can increase to the point that the state's monopoly on violence is used to prop up a belief system. If the gap is big enough, I think the result becomes indistinguishable from a theocracy, with analogues to blasphemy and ostracization for describing reality too closely, enforced by the state.
cousin_it 9y ago
Yes, beliefs are chosen for consequences. And the optimal way to choose a belief based on consequences is to choose the truth. For example, my decision whether to take an umbrella today must be based on my honest best guess whether it'll rain today (and the relative utilities of various outcomes). If I shift my best guess one inch away from what's warranted by evidence, to obey social pressure or something, then acting-as-if the new belief was true will predictably lead to lower expected utility for me. That holds always, no matter how controversial the belief. When social pressure is weak, it mostly makes people lie about their beliefs, while still acting-as-if their best guess was true. When social pressure gets strong, people start acting-as-if false things were true, and get lower utility. No amount of pressure can change the fact that actions based on accurate beliefs lead to higher expected utility. That's why I'm not a fan of social pressure on beliefs. For both individuals and societies, the best consequences are achieved by believing what is true.
- Firadeoclus 9y ago
  Social pressure itself is a fact. In your umbrella-example, you're restricting your definition of utility to the immediate benefit of dealing with rain weighted against the cost of having to carry the umbrella. But your choice can have a social effect, too. In particular, you need to take into account that other people will not always act on exactly what is warranted by evidence.
- jabot 9y ago
  You are right with your juxtaposition of belief and truth. Two minor points: 1) What is truth? How do you know whether something is true? By perceiving it? Is your perception not influenced by belief? I'm not saying that we cannot know truth, ever. But we have to keep in mind we might be wrong, too... 2) Believing in something might _make_ it become true. Or, to put it differently: Belief may lead to actions which change reality - essentially a self-fulfilling prophecy.
  - cousin_it 9y ago
    Yeah, agreed on both points.

by jabot 9y ago

akvadrako 9y ago

> People can hold beliefs because they have certain consequences. Nearly all beliefs are of this type. I believe the Earth orbits the Sun because it's helps me predict the seasons.

jabot 9y ago
In a narrow sense you are probably right. In a more general sense, consider the "laws of physics". People believe in them not because of their consequences, but because they explain reality (and quite well). So people believe in gravity because it has worked for them in the past, and because it has been verified. Also... _not_ believing in gravity will not make much of a difference for your life (as long as you don't start jumping off cliffs of course). EDIT: I forgot about religion. AFAIK, most people believe in religion because they have been taught/indoctrinated/raised to believe in it, and _not_ because they have (deeply) thought about the social consequences of their particular religion.
- akvadrako 9y ago
  About religion: it may not be about societal consequences, but personal ones; acceptance of your peers, the afterlife, ...
- pbhjpbhj 9y ago
  The laws of Physics don't explain reality, they model it to our best approximation. >and because it has been verified. // That may be true for you but is essentially an appeal to authority. Most scientists claim to be falsificationists and the current agreed Scientific Method is one of Popperian falsification. Your comment on cliffs belies an ignorance of epistemology - people didn't used to have a gravitational theory, as far as we know no animals have one, that doesn't mean you then jump off cliffs. One's beliefs about reality don't fundamentally change reality.
  - jabot 9y ago
    That was not the point I was trying to make, sorry. GP said: >> People can hold beliefs because they have certain consequences. > Nearly all beliefs are of this type. I believe the Earth orbits the Sun because it's helps me predict the seasons. I think there are a lot of beliefs that are held not because they have beneficial consequences, but for other reasons. Religion as a belief is held by most people because they have been brought up with it. (converts nonwithstanding) Scientific theories are believed (i.e. held true, used for explanations of reality) because they predict stuff that actually happens and can not be falsified. Both of these are not believed primarily because their belief has actual consequences IMHO.

Scea91 9y ago

Just note that believing something because it has nice consequences is just logically wrong. Formally: 1) A => B 2) I would really like B to be true, because it has some benefits. 3) Therefore A must be true. If we are in search of truth and want to build a consistent model of the world then we just can't accept this kind of reasoning. Also, even if A really turns out to be false, it doesn't mean that B can't be true and our world will forever be sad i.e. Even if it turns out that all people are not created equal, we can still live in just and enlightened society which treats everyone fairly. And of course the implication between A => B may not even exist. Is it really true that if all people were created equal the society would benefit?

jabot 9y ago
First, please do not get too hung up about "all people are created equal". It's just an example in this context. > If we are in search of truth and want to build a consistent model of the world then we just can't accept this kind of reasoning. Yes, you can. It's called generalizing. Remember, we're not doing math here, this is ethics. Think about all the different situations where being treated equally to someone else is a good thing. Now you generalize that into "everyone is created equal", and that turns into a justification for all these situations. If you want to criticise the generalization into A, there is a way: Construct some C so that 1) A => C 2) C is not beneficial Alternatively, you can attack the implication "A => B" or you can question whether or not B is beneficial.
- wantstosaysome 9y ago
  >we're not doing math here, this is ethics. What does that even mean? Ethics is moot, if the logical eventuality of the flawed reasoning is net harm. >Think about all the different situations where being treated equally to someone else is a good thing. Now you generalize that into "everyone is created equal", and that turns into a justification for all these situations. Please clarify here. Justification for all these situations? Or Justification for the belief? If it is the latter, the belief cannot be justified if the does not reflect reality. All it help to create false expectations and what ever loss/harm it causes.
- deleted 9y ago

deleted 9y ago

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barrkel 9y ago

When beliefs run counter to reality, the divergence between what is, and what is perceived ought to be, can increase to the point that the state's monopoly on violence is used to prop up a belief system. If the gap is big enough, I think the result becomes indistinguishable from a theocracy, with analogues to blasphemy and ostracization for describing reality too closely, enforced by the state.

cousin_it 9y ago

Yes, beliefs are chosen for consequences. And the optimal way to choose a belief based on consequences is to choose the truth. For example, my decision whether to take an umbrella today must be based on my honest best guess whether it'll rain today (and the relative utilities of various outcomes). If I shift my best guess one inch away from what's warranted by evidence, to obey social pressure or something, then acting-as-if the new belief was true will predictably lead to lower expected utility for me. That holds always, no matter how controversial the belief. When social pressure is weak, it mostly makes people lie about their beliefs, while still acting-as-if their best guess was true. When social pressure gets strong, people start acting-as-if false things were true, and get lower utility. No amount of pressure can change the fact that actions based on accurate beliefs lead to higher expected utility. That's why I'm not a fan of social pressure on beliefs. For both individuals and societies, the best consequences are achieved by believing what is true.

Firadeoclus 9y ago
Social pressure itself is a fact. In your umbrella-example, you're restricting your definition of utility to the immediate benefit of dealing with rain weighted against the cost of having to carry the umbrella. But your choice can have a social effect, too. In particular, you need to take into account that other people will not always act on exactly what is warranted by evidence.
jabot 9y ago
You are right with your juxtaposition of belief and truth. Two minor points: 1) What is truth? How do you know whether something is true? By perceiving it? Is your perception not influenced by belief? I'm not saying that we cannot know truth, ever. But we have to keep in mind we might be wrong, too... 2) Believing in something might _make_ it become true. Or, to put it differently: Belief may lead to actions which change reality - essentially a self-fulfilling prophecy.
- cousin_it 9y ago
  Yeah, agreed on both points.