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It's always astonishing to me how many well-educated people actually conflate "Reason" (rationalism at its extreme) and empirical/experimental investigation (em

It's always astonishing to me how many well-educated people actually conflate "Reason" (rationalism at its extreme) and empirical/experimental investigation (empiricism at its extreme.) At humanist meetings I attended - and in their writings - nothing was more common than to declare the importance of "reason" when pointing instead to empirical methods (that contradict the elaborate reasoned arguments of Medieval Monks or intelligent design proponents.) The ancient Roman Church didn't shy away from reason, they adored it. Reason and empiricism would best be described as ancient enemies, not as the same thing.

cousin_it 9y ago
The funny thing is that empiricists (Locke, Hume, Francis Bacon "the father of the scientific method", etc) didn't accomplish much in science, even though they were clearly smart and tried hard. While deeply religious rationalists (Descartes, Leibniz) pretty much created science and were successful at everything they touched. It's utterly unreasonable to believe that the world is built on harmony that can be understood by the individual human mind. But that unreasonable belief is very helpful for discovering things, even at the highest levels, while having beliefs like "all knowledge is social" is like slashing your own tires.
- paulpauper 9y ago
  you cannot really compare mathematical accomplishments to continental philosophy . They are different domains. But Bacon is credited with creating the scientific method.
- osullivj 9y ago
  Empiricism's contribution is the emphasis on testing hypotheses. Provando e reprovando (test and test again) as Galileo said. That approach was brought to it's finest pitch with Popper's Falsificationism. But hypotheses need to come from somewhere. You're right to point to religious rationalists; I'd mention Newton too. Einstein's "god doesn't play dice", or the commonplace platonism of mathematicians is the same thing - an empirically unsupported metaphysical assertion.
  - jack9 9y ago
    "god doesn't play dice" was a layman's phrasing of a complex subject, not a metaphysical assertion.
  - paulpauper 9y ago
    The demarcation problem of falsifiability has applications for sciences (specifically, differentiating science from pseudoscience)
    - coldtea 9y ago
      Not that absolute applications though. See Feyerabend for a counter-argument.
  - Nomentatus 9y ago
    As I remember, Newton originally thought comets didn't have orbits and were directly influenced by God, so he seems to have been a sincere believer. I too would like to see more emphasis on "where hypotheses come from," in science education. It matters, since many hypotheses that are obvious in retrospect were overlooked for long periods of time. We know that scientists with broad interests (even outside science) tend to be much more productive than those who are more focused, for example. For good and ill Einstein followed his nose and instincts about what organizing principles in nature (such as Galileo's principle of relativity) were supremely important, and might point the way to discoveries. What's so interesting to me about his anti-dice (entanglement) paper is that Einstein-the-intuitive-guy shows the carefully reasoned implications of the theories and math of the rationalistic Copenhagen Interpretation guys (Bohr et al) that they weren't able to see themselves. Our minds our associative; we can't actually become fully rational actors or machines, mixing in some intuition let's more of our grey matter participate in finding solutions.
- pjc50 9y ago
  All knowledge is social, because it exists in the heads of humans. The processes by which we communicate it to one another are unavoidably social. And this can change both the meaning and (especially) the choice of which knowledge is considered important. This tends to cause problems with referer-refereant confusion. And people are not very good at spotting intrinsic or assumed knowledge. I learnt quite a lot about this from a guy who was trying to apply computational linguistics to chemistry papers; it turns out that even in this highly artificial environment the reader needs to infer things about chemicals mentioned from their pre-existing (socially constructed) knowledge.
- Nomentatus 9y ago
  Boyle didn't spend a lot of time writing philosophy, his close friend Locke undertook that; it was a very productive division of labor. Hume is often regarded as the founder of Psychology as a science. Descartes was willing to please the authorities with rationalist-religious smoke, and very proud of smoking them, too - until he too had to flee to Holland when his empiricism was no longer tolerated. So no, he was not "deeply religious." His codification of empirical methodology (which uses the word analysis in the title) was important to science and the philosophy of science but doesn't promote rationalism, quite the contrary. He did make key contributions to empirical science and mathematics. Leibnitz didn't create science or do experimental science per se, he was curious about binary numbers and created better notation for calculus (but these are tools not scientific discoveries). His contributions to science are vaguer - he sowed about as much confusion as light. I haven't looked at his biography in a long time, but I have lectured about him at a conference at Harvard. I certainly agree that scientists tend to be poor philosophers - it's not the same task. Heisenberg's book is just one recent example of that. Descartes and Galileo are exceptions, particularly with regard to codifying what the scientific method was.
  - cousin_it 9y ago
    Do you think Descartes pretended to be religious?
    - Nomentatus 9y ago
      My professors absolutely did. Pascal was sincerely (but as a heretic) religious, and contributed to science. Descartes liked to stay alive, and was under pressure by the likes of Martin Schoock to show he wasn't an atheist and so should be tolerated. The church wasn't persuaded by Descartes and his books were ultimately banned. Pretending to be in some way religious is necessary when the Church is in charge. Egypt, today, holds a death penalty in store for those convicted of atheism; strong motivation for a little harmless pretence.
      - foldr 9y ago
        His whole line of argument in the medications would collapse if God didn't exist. He may well have been a heretic, but that is very different from not believing in God. The alleged reasons for thinking Descartes was an atheist basically amount to the observation that if he had have been an atheist he probably wouldn't have said that he was an atheist. That is true, but that is no reason to think that he actually was an atheist. By the same token, if he had liked eating babies for breakfast, he probably wouldn't have mentioned it in his work, but that is no reason to think that he in fact did.
paulpauper 9y ago
Part of the confusion is how 'rational' has two definitions: the strictly philosophical one and the more common colloquial one
coldtea 9y ago
That's only part of the story -- the theoretically pure version, but not how it plays in practice. The real lowdown is that Empiricism itself is nothing at all without Reason. There are no "pure observations". There are only observations as understood and analyzed by reason. Without a conceptual framework (which requires reason/logic etc) there are just a bunch of things happening one after another or simultaneously in 4D space. Empiricism is not the "ancient enemy" of Reason, but it's complimentary. That's why from Physics to anthropology, and all kind of hard sciences, use both observations AND math, logic and conceptual frameworks to discover, evaluate and express their findings.
- Nomentatus 9y ago
  Yes, there's an extensive bibliography that follows - which only makes me more confounded that most educated people haven't even begun the journey (or have skipped the first distinction.) While reason could be complementary, that's NOT what Rationalism is, and it's not what the humanists I keep encountering say or write, either - it may be the position they would retreat to if pressed, but it's absolutely not what they say. Reason has so often been the refuge of the enemies of empiricism. That it shouldn't be this way is true, but careful you don't fall into a "No true Scotsman argument," here; since the complementary view is not an accurate look either at history or of much of academia now, in my experience. Too-quickly assuming complentarity (as de facto true or worse logically true) is precisely how many people fall into the trap of conflating the two very distinct things.
  - coldtea 9y ago
    >Reason has so often been the refuge of the enemies of empiricism. That it shouldn't be this way is true, but careful you don't fall into a "No true Scotsman argument," here; since the complementary view is not an accurate look either at history or of much of academia now, in my experience. Too-quickly assuming complentarity (as de facto true or worse logically true) is precisely how many people fall into the trap of conflating the two very distinct things. The thing is, what academia or those people you mention say about Reason and/or Empiricism doesn't matter that much. It's what people (e.g. actual scientists doing research) do that matters. And what they do is clearly using them complementary. Just because there are theories that posit that it's either all A or all B, and people ascribe to them, it doesn't mean that it's indeed all A or all B. Or that a pure A/pure B even exists.
hyperpape 9y ago
This strikes me as not even pedantic, just misguided. Outside of high church epistemology, the opposite of reason isn't empiricism, but unreason, irrationality, or superstition. Empiricists and scientists offer reasoned arguments for their positions.
- marksc 9y ago
  Their "reasoned" arguments come from their own sensory experience directly and they are aware of that. Do you think a deaf, blind person, with no feeling, and no awareness of their own body would grow up to be able to make reasoned arguments? Of course not. Why not? Because they had no sense experience. Good empiricists go further and acknowledge that their reasoning is only as good as their sensory organs, including and especially their brain with all of its cognitive quirks. A good empiricist will acknowledge, for example, that "healthy" "normal" human minds are terrible at solving certain moral problems while "unhealthy" "psychopathic" minds are demonstrably better. This flies in the face of the rationalist argument that healthy humans are fundamentally rational creatures.
  - hyperpape 9y ago
    You've missed the point, and seem to think I'm arguing for Rationalism. I'm doing no such thing, which makes your arguments for Empiricism irrelevant.
  - Nomentatus 9y ago
    Logical opposition is not a concept I'm discussing - conflict between groups and thoughts, is.

cousin_it 9y ago

The funny thing is that empiricists (Locke, Hume, Francis Bacon "the father of the scientific method", etc) didn't accomplish much in science, even though they were clearly smart and tried hard. While deeply religious rationalists (Descartes, Leibniz) pretty much created science and were successful at everything they touched. It's utterly unreasonable to believe that the world is built on harmony that can be understood by the individual human mind. But that unreasonable belief is very helpful for discovering things, even at the highest levels, while having beliefs like "all knowledge is social" is like slashing your own tires.

paulpauper 9y ago
you cannot really compare mathematical accomplishments to continental philosophy . They are different domains. But Bacon is credited with creating the scientific method.
osullivj 9y ago
Empiricism's contribution is the emphasis on testing hypotheses. Provando e reprovando (test and test again) as Galileo said. That approach was brought to it's finest pitch with Popper's Falsificationism. But hypotheses need to come from somewhere. You're right to point to religious rationalists; I'd mention Newton too. Einstein's "god doesn't play dice", or the commonplace platonism of mathematicians is the same thing - an empirically unsupported metaphysical assertion.
- jack9 9y ago
  "god doesn't play dice" was a layman's phrasing of a complex subject, not a metaphysical assertion.
- paulpauper 9y ago
  The demarcation problem of falsifiability has applications for sciences (specifically, differentiating science from pseudoscience)
  - coldtea 9y ago
    Not that absolute applications though. See Feyerabend for a counter-argument.
- Nomentatus 9y ago
  As I remember, Newton originally thought comets didn't have orbits and were directly influenced by God, so he seems to have been a sincere believer. I too would like to see more emphasis on "where hypotheses come from," in science education. It matters, since many hypotheses that are obvious in retrospect were overlooked for long periods of time. We know that scientists with broad interests (even outside science) tend to be much more productive than those who are more focused, for example. For good and ill Einstein followed his nose and instincts about what organizing principles in nature (such as Galileo's principle of relativity) were supremely important, and might point the way to discoveries. What's so interesting to me about his anti-dice (entanglement) paper is that Einstein-the-intuitive-guy shows the carefully reasoned implications of the theories and math of the rationalistic Copenhagen Interpretation guys (Bohr et al) that they weren't able to see themselves. Our minds our associative; we can't actually become fully rational actors or machines, mixing in some intuition let's more of our grey matter participate in finding solutions.
pjc50 9y ago
All knowledge is social, because it exists in the heads of humans. The processes by which we communicate it to one another are unavoidably social. And this can change both the meaning and (especially) the choice of which knowledge is considered important. This tends to cause problems with referer-refereant confusion. And people are not very good at spotting intrinsic or assumed knowledge. I learnt quite a lot about this from a guy who was trying to apply computational linguistics to chemistry papers; it turns out that even in this highly artificial environment the reader needs to infer things about chemicals mentioned from their pre-existing (socially constructed) knowledge.
Nomentatus 9y ago
Boyle didn't spend a lot of time writing philosophy, his close friend Locke undertook that; it was a very productive division of labor. Hume is often regarded as the founder of Psychology as a science. Descartes was willing to please the authorities with rationalist-religious smoke, and very proud of smoking them, too - until he too had to flee to Holland when his empiricism was no longer tolerated. So no, he was not "deeply religious." His codification of empirical methodology (which uses the word analysis in the title) was important to science and the philosophy of science but doesn't promote rationalism, quite the contrary. He did make key contributions to empirical science and mathematics. Leibnitz didn't create science or do experimental science per se, he was curious about binary numbers and created better notation for calculus (but these are tools not scientific discoveries). His contributions to science are vaguer - he sowed about as much confusion as light. I haven't looked at his biography in a long time, but I have lectured about him at a conference at Harvard. I certainly agree that scientists tend to be poor philosophers - it's not the same task. Heisenberg's book is just one recent example of that. Descartes and Galileo are exceptions, particularly with regard to codifying what the scientific method was.
- cousin_it 9y ago
  Do you think Descartes pretended to be religious?
  - Nomentatus 9y ago
    My professors absolutely did. Pascal was sincerely (but as a heretic) religious, and contributed to science. Descartes liked to stay alive, and was under pressure by the likes of Martin Schoock to show he wasn't an atheist and so should be tolerated. The church wasn't persuaded by Descartes and his books were ultimately banned. Pretending to be in some way religious is necessary when the Church is in charge. Egypt, today, holds a death penalty in store for those convicted of atheism; strong motivation for a little harmless pretence.
    - foldr 9y ago
      His whole line of argument in the medications would collapse if God didn't exist. He may well have been a heretic, but that is very different from not believing in God. The alleged reasons for thinking Descartes was an atheist basically amount to the observation that if he had have been an atheist he probably wouldn't have said that he was an atheist. That is true, but that is no reason to think that he actually was an atheist. By the same token, if he had liked eating babies for breakfast, he probably wouldn't have mentioned it in his work, but that is no reason to think that he in fact did.

paulpauper 9y ago

Part of the confusion is how 'rational' has two definitions: the strictly philosophical one and the more common colloquial one

coldtea 9y ago

That's only part of the story -- the theoretically pure version, but not how it plays in practice. The real lowdown is that Empiricism itself is nothing at all without Reason. There are no "pure observations". There are only observations as understood and analyzed by reason. Without a conceptual framework (which requires reason/logic etc) there are just a bunch of things happening one after another or simultaneously in 4D space. Empiricism is not the "ancient enemy" of Reason, but it's complimentary. That's why from Physics to anthropology, and all kind of hard sciences, use both observations AND math, logic and conceptual frameworks to discover, evaluate and express their findings.

Nomentatus 9y ago
Yes, there's an extensive bibliography that follows - which only makes me more confounded that most educated people haven't even begun the journey (or have skipped the first distinction.) While reason could be complementary, that's NOT what Rationalism is, and it's not what the humanists I keep encountering say or write, either - it may be the position they would retreat to if pressed, but it's absolutely not what they say. Reason has so often been the refuge of the enemies of empiricism. That it shouldn't be this way is true, but careful you don't fall into a "No true Scotsman argument," here; since the complementary view is not an accurate look either at history or of much of academia now, in my experience. Too-quickly assuming complentarity (as de facto true or worse logically true) is precisely how many people fall into the trap of conflating the two very distinct things.
- coldtea 9y ago
  >Reason has so often been the refuge of the enemies of empiricism. That it shouldn't be this way is true, but careful you don't fall into a "No true Scotsman argument," here; since the complementary view is not an accurate look either at history or of much of academia now, in my experience. Too-quickly assuming complentarity (as de facto true or worse logically true) is precisely how many people fall into the trap of conflating the two very distinct things. The thing is, what academia or those people you mention say about Reason and/or Empiricism doesn't matter that much. It's what people (e.g. actual scientists doing research) do that matters. And what they do is clearly using them complementary. Just because there are theories that posit that it's either all A or all B, and people ascribe to them, it doesn't mean that it's indeed all A or all B. Or that a pure A/pure B even exists.

hyperpape 9y ago

This strikes me as not even pedantic, just misguided. Outside of high church epistemology, the opposite of reason isn't empiricism, but unreason, irrationality, or superstition. Empiricists and scientists offer reasoned arguments for their positions.

marksc 9y ago
Their "reasoned" arguments come from their own sensory experience directly and they are aware of that. Do you think a deaf, blind person, with no feeling, and no awareness of their own body would grow up to be able to make reasoned arguments? Of course not. Why not? Because they had no sense experience. Good empiricists go further and acknowledge that their reasoning is only as good as their sensory organs, including and especially their brain with all of its cognitive quirks. A good empiricist will acknowledge, for example, that "healthy" "normal" human minds are terrible at solving certain moral problems while "unhealthy" "psychopathic" minds are demonstrably better. This flies in the face of the rationalist argument that healthy humans are fundamentally rational creatures.
- hyperpape 9y ago
  You've missed the point, and seem to think I'm arguing for Rationalism. I'm doing no such thing, which makes your arguments for Empiricism irrelevant.
- Nomentatus 9y ago
  Logical opposition is not a concept I'm discussing - conflict between groups and thoughts, is.