8 ms·

Google's controversial groundwater withdrawal sparks question

92 points by sushobhan 9y ago

shawn-butler 9y ago
How exactly is the amount of a public resource consumed by a private company a "trade secret"? What utter nonsense. Someone in SC should file a FOIA request on principle. http://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/t30c004.php http://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/t30c004.php
- ericcumbee 9y ago
  see section 30-4-40(A)1 "Trade secrets, which are defined as unpatented, secret, commercially valuable plans, appliances, formulas, or processes, which are used for the making, preparing, compounding, treating, or processing of articles or materials which are trade commodities obtained from a person and which are generally recognized as confidential and work products, in whole or in part collected or produced for sale or resale, and paid subscriber information. Trade secrets also include, for those public bodies who market services or products in competition with others, feasibility, planning, and marketing studies, marine terminal service and nontariff agreements, and evaluations and other materials which contain references to potential customers, competitive information, or evaluation."
canadian_voter 9y ago
Going to go ahead and recommend Paolo Bacigalupi's The Water Knife. And The Windup Girl is even better, but not on topic.
- aaron695 9y ago
  The concept that water is so scarce that it's even rare for drinking never gelled for me. But I still enjoyed the book.
  - canadian_voter 9y ago
    I don't see it as a matter of absolute scarcity. In the book, drinking water for the poor is scarce, but the upper middle class has access to fountains and gardens, etc. If you think of it as a matter of control, it makes more sense. If you're on the inside of the arcology, everything you need is provided for. If you're on the outside, you're on your own. Resources are kept artificially scarce for any number of reasons, but mostly to support the status quo.
ryandvm 9y ago
Water has an exceptionally high heat capacity, I get it. But using drinking water to cool our servers (in the interest of seeing the very best ads) seems like an exceptionally short-sighted choice for us to make. If there is a less worthwhile thing for us to be doing with potable water, I can't think of it.
- vmarsy 9y ago
  > using drinking water to cool our servers seems like an exceptionally short-sighted choice for us to make. In that case "us" is Google, in that server farm specifically. The article mentions there exists better alternatives : > The National Security Agency cools its Fort Meade, Maryland data center with treated wastewater, touted as an environmental boon and cost savings compared to tap water or aquifer pumping.
- mjfl 9y ago
  I mean, it's not like the water is being destroyed, or even rendered undrinkable, it's just being warmed...
  - 2muchcoffeeman 9y ago
    Right, but > The Google aquifer permit application states it will reuse water before eventually discharging it to the sewer system, but the company did not provide details when asked by The Post and Courier. And 2 paragraphs down > Groundwater can be returned to the aquifer after use, but some is lost to evaporation and the operation is costly, according to industry sources. There are other alternatives. The National Security Agency cools its Fort Meade, Maryland data center with treated wastewater, touted as an environmental boon and cost savings compared to tap water or aquifer pumping. So basically Google is going to draw aquifer water, probably reuse it and potentially just flush the water into the the sewer system.
    - Spooky23 9y ago
      This is why skepticism is warranted whenever politicians and business people bemoan environmental regulations. Alphabet management bears no cost and gives no shits about contributing to aquifer depletion in South Carolina. Of course the people running South Carolina probably don't either!
revelation 9y ago
Water is great for cooling, but who the hell dumps it afterwards?! I don't think they quite understood what "water cooling" is..
- ryandvm 9y ago
  They dump it because it's not cool anymore and nobody is wanting to buy hot water from them at a cost that makes it worth their while. If they had the capability to cool the water fast enough then they'd use a closed loop cooling system and wouldn't need to pump fresh, cool groundwater.
  - revelation 9y ago
    Well, duh. If I had to pay nothing for water, I would also just run the tap through a radiator all day and save on the AC electricity. But then I also have a conscience and realize what a gigantic waste that is, so I don't.
    - d-sc 9y ago
      This is basically how we cool our house in Montana during the summers. Cold water is pumped up one well and hot water is returned down another well. It uses much less electricity than a conventional AC system.
      - lucb1e 9y ago
        Wow. I've thought about this, using tap water to cool the house, but it's so wasteful it was never more than a playful thought. But then the Netherlands' summers are reasonably survivable even if they make me feel shit all day and all night.
        d-sc 9y ago
        At the end of the day, net zero water is 'used' it is all returned to the ground. Its actually a strong net water savings: the production of electricity in Montana uses around 16 gallons of water per kilowatt hour.
obstinate 9y ago
"The price of tap water has risen faster than gold or real estate . . ." What an odd pair of benchmarks. We don't expect the prices of either of those items to rise particularly fast. What was the actual rate of increase in the price of tap water? According to the Case-Schiller index, national housing prices have roughly doubled in the last twenty years (I don't know if the index accounts for inflation). That doesn't seem like an extraordinary rate of increase for the price of tap water.
- wyattpeak 9y ago
  Prima facie we don't expect them to rise fast, but they are probably the two best-known things which have risen reasonably fast (at least in the popular consciousness) in the past twenty-odd years.
cryptarch 9y ago
Are there any "municipal heating" systems in the U.S.? It's popular in NL, the idea is basically hot (~70 degrees celcius) water being pumped from industrial areas (where it was used for cooling), to residential areas for cheap heating.
- droidist2 9y ago
  Yes, in New York City. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_steam_system https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_steam_system
  - cryptarch 9y ago
    Wow, so that's why I've seen steam so often as an element of the NY landscape! Very cool, thank you.
- abrowne 9y ago
  There's one in downtown St. Paul, Minnesota¹, but AFAIK it only serves the downtown, i.e. large government and office buildings and hospitals. 1: http://www.districtenergy.com/ http://www.districtenergy.com/
- aslkdjaslkdj 9y ago
  It's how amazon is heating their new buildings in Seattle: http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2014/09/17/amazon-to-recycle-data-center-heat-in-seattle-offices/ http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2014/09/17/amazo...
  - cryptarch 9y ago
    Bang! You're no longer dead! (maybe) That's exactly what I mean though you posted it with a click-baity lead-in.
    - Dylan16807 9y ago
      Click baity how? And that comment is valuable because it shows that it's feasible to do with data center water, which is much less hot than the industrial sources you mentioned.
phdp 9y ago
I think the biggest question here is how can a public municipality sign an NDA written by a private corporation?
- anticedent 9y ago
  Yeah, the proper response here is: NO U Especially when the entity requesting the valuable resource (water they don't yet have permission to use), is the one prompting for the NDA. Sorry, private corporation. Take your NDA elsewhere, and go swat at your lowly job applicants with it, as they grovel for permission to waste their youth away in your flourescent dungeons and air conditioned nightmares.
  - posguy 9y ago
    Seriously, people should be protesting out front of the DNR for signing an NDA with Google over a request for public resources. Imagine if I went to go build a house and demanded the county & city sign NDAs covering all permits and plans for my building. They'd be having none of it, esp. since I'm not a massive company like Google.
- pjc50 9y ago
  This sort of thing happens all the time. You don't hear about it because .. it's under NDA.
- trhway 9y ago
  Cool way for a gov to hide a piece of info from disclosure to public - just make it a subject of NDA with some corp.
- deleted 9y ago
  [deleted]
paraboluh 9y ago
Why would anyone need to use potable water as a coolant, and why is potable water completely ruined and transformed into grey water by its use as a coolant?
- homero 9y ago
  It needs treatment so it doesn't destroy the pipes
  - lucb1e 9y ago
    But it doesn't continuously need new water right? If I read the article correctly, it's not just once to fill the cooling system. That's what I don't get, seems hugely expensive and wasteful.
    - homero 9y ago
      It does to cool it, they put the heat into the ground. Nuclear plants similarly usually use ocean water. Imagine using your tap water for water cooling then it exits into the drain.
  - nashashmi 9y ago
    Does it really? Cannot there be a separate water system for both operations? For example, for nuclear cooling, there is one pipe network that cools the steam, and another water system that cools the pipe network that cools the steam.
rmason 9y ago
It is not just South Carolina. My home state of Michigan probably has more fresh water than just about any other state but it still has become a political issue and not just in Flint. Giant Nestle is pumping tens of millions of gallons in a rural Northern Michigan county in exchange for a $200 yearly permit. Even though the promised jobs never materialized they want to pump even more water threatening the aquifer. The community and the state say no but Nestle is not backing down. http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2017/04/19/nestle-groundwater-michigan-great-lakes/100663218/ http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2017/04/19/ne...
- acover 9y ago
  The total ground water withdrawal in Michigan [mainly for agricultural use] is 98,000 Million gallons [1]. Why is Nestle extracting 100 Million a problem? [1] -http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdard/2015_MAEAP_Water_Use_Reporting_Annual_Report_517569_7.pdf http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdard/2015_MAEAP_Water_Use...
  - justin66 9y ago
    You're comparing the usage of an entire state to the demands placed on a single aquifer.
    - acover 9y ago
      I agree. However that is not a price issue. Further the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality site specific review said it was okay. I am genuinely confused why people think this is an issue.
- labster 9y ago
  That is cheap. In California, those millions of gallons cost Nestlé $524 -- a 262% increase over Michigan. http://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/nestle-gets-away-pumping-californias-water-next-nothing/ http://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/nestle-gets-away-pumping-...
jsjohnst 9y ago
Google is continually touted as the industry leader in efficient DC design, yet they do wasteful operations like this. I just don't get it. On the other hand, Yahoo is constantly shat on (sometimes validly), yet they solved this years ago. Their Lockport, NY data center does not need air conditioning because of its design and the cool local weather. It uses 50 percent less electricity and 99 percent less water compared with traditional data centers.
- jankey 9y ago
  We are industry-leading efficient, the water is used for evaporative cooling, very efficient. Other sites use water from an industrial canal or cold sea water. Look here: https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/efficiency/internal/ https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/efficiency/internal... . PUE globally is 1.06, compared to Yahoo/Cap Gemini Lockports 1.08. (Disclaimer: I work in (another) Google datacentre.)
  - jsjohnst 9y ago
    Respectfully, please correct me if I'm wrong, but PUE doesn't take into account water usage. So driving an extremely low PUE while wasting millions of gallons of water per day to do so and then touting that as a win, feels rather disingenuous to me. I love how you use things like seawater in Finland and non-potable water elsewhere, but don't claim this DC in SC is even remotely environmentally friendly when to save on electricity and keep your PUE low, you are using millions of gallons of drinking water per day.
    - Caveman_Coder 9y ago
      You are correct, PUE only looks at power efficiency, the metric Google uses for water is WUE. Also, like you said, these metrics only take into account the efficiency of the DC but fail to measure their ecological footprint.
    - jankey 9y ago
      I was replying to the parent on Google not being industry leading efficient and especially comparing to the Yahoo Lockport DC. But you're right, regarding to water usage we don't publish numbers (nor does anyone else afaik, I haven't found any WUE number for e.g. Amazon, Yahoo, Facebook...) so it's difficult to compare this to others. I am however confident that a lot of things have been considered and this was the best option, we have imho a good track record trying to do the best for the environment, a lot of attention is being paid to this internally. E.g. everything running on green electricity, which is not the cheapest.
Brandonknight 9y ago
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Brandonknight 9y ago
I want to publicly thank Binaryreap3r for their professional ethical hacking service which is fast very impressive service. I'm happy to recommend to you. Has your Social account been attacked by a hacker? Do you need to get back into your Facebook, Twitter, Instagram or Google+ account?, Have you lost your email or social media password and want to crack/recover it from computers?. Are you being cyber stalked and wish to find the source and stop the cyber predator?, Have you been scammed online? Do you need to locate and report the perpetrator?. Do you want to encrypt your data and protect your sensitive informations?. Any social engineering problem you may have. I know a white hat hacker that delivers!. He helped out with an issue and I think he's good what he does. Contact binaryreap3r@gmail.com or text +16155497267 for all your professional hacking needs.
tinus_hn 9y ago
What happens to the water after it has been used to cool these servers? It's not as if it's used up, right?
macinjosh 9y ago
Pardon my naivety but I am curious why in use cases like this the same water can't be reused? My car uses the same coolant over and over. While that is an apples to oranges comparison couldn't the water be allowed to naturally cool after use in a covered retention pond and then be recycled into the cooling system? Is the water from the aquifer particularly cold to begin with?

92 points by sushobhan 9y ago

How exactly is the amount of a public resource consumed by a private company a "trade secret"? What utter nonsense. Someone in SC should file a FOIA request on principle. http://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/t30c004.php http://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/t30c004.php

ericcumbee 9y ago
see section 30-4-40(A)1 "Trade secrets, which are defined as unpatented, secret, commercially valuable plans, appliances, formulas, or processes, which are used for the making, preparing, compounding, treating, or processing of articles or materials which are trade commodities obtained from a person and which are generally recognized as confidential and work products, in whole or in part collected or produced for sale or resale, and paid subscriber information. Trade secrets also include, for those public bodies who market services or products in competition with others, feasibility, planning, and marketing studies, marine terminal service and nontariff agreements, and evaluations and other materials which contain references to potential customers, competitive information, or evaluation."

canadian_voter 9y ago

Going to go ahead and recommend Paolo Bacigalupi's The Water Knife. And The Windup Girl is even better, but not on topic.

aaron695 9y ago
The concept that water is so scarce that it's even rare for drinking never gelled for me. But I still enjoyed the book.
- canadian_voter 9y ago
  I don't see it as a matter of absolute scarcity. In the book, drinking water for the poor is scarce, but the upper middle class has access to fountains and gardens, etc. If you think of it as a matter of control, it makes more sense. If you're on the inside of the arcology, everything you need is provided for. If you're on the outside, you're on your own. Resources are kept artificially scarce for any number of reasons, but mostly to support the status quo.

ryandvm 9y ago

Water has an exceptionally high heat capacity, I get it. But using drinking water to cool our servers (in the interest of seeing the very best ads) seems like an exceptionally short-sighted choice for us to make. If there is a less worthwhile thing for us to be doing with potable water, I can't think of it.

vmarsy 9y ago
> using drinking water to cool our servers seems like an exceptionally short-sighted choice for us to make. In that case "us" is Google, in that server farm specifically. The article mentions there exists better alternatives : > The National Security Agency cools its Fort Meade, Maryland data center with treated wastewater, touted as an environmental boon and cost savings compared to tap water or aquifer pumping.
mjfl 9y ago
I mean, it's not like the water is being destroyed, or even rendered undrinkable, it's just being warmed...
- 2muchcoffeeman 9y ago
  Right, but > The Google aquifer permit application states it will reuse water before eventually discharging it to the sewer system, but the company did not provide details when asked by The Post and Courier. And 2 paragraphs down > Groundwater can be returned to the aquifer after use, but some is lost to evaporation and the operation is costly, according to industry sources. There are other alternatives. The National Security Agency cools its Fort Meade, Maryland data center with treated wastewater, touted as an environmental boon and cost savings compared to tap water or aquifer pumping. So basically Google is going to draw aquifer water, probably reuse it and potentially just flush the water into the the sewer system.
  - Spooky23 9y ago
    This is why skepticism is warranted whenever politicians and business people bemoan environmental regulations. Alphabet management bears no cost and gives no shits about contributing to aquifer depletion in South Carolina. Of course the people running South Carolina probably don't either!

revelation 9y ago

Water is great for cooling, but who the hell dumps it afterwards?! I don't think they quite understood what "water cooling" is..

ryandvm 9y ago
They dump it because it's not cool anymore and nobody is wanting to buy hot water from them at a cost that makes it worth their while. If they had the capability to cool the water fast enough then they'd use a closed loop cooling system and wouldn't need to pump fresh, cool groundwater.
- revelation 9y ago
  Well, duh. If I had to pay nothing for water, I would also just run the tap through a radiator all day and save on the AC electricity. But then I also have a conscience and realize what a gigantic waste that is, so I don't.
  - d-sc 9y ago
    This is basically how we cool our house in Montana during the summers. Cold water is pumped up one well and hot water is returned down another well. It uses much less electricity than a conventional AC system.
    - lucb1e 9y ago
      Wow. I've thought about this, using tap water to cool the house, but it's so wasteful it was never more than a playful thought. But then the Netherlands' summers are reasonably survivable even if they make me feel shit all day and all night.
      - d-sc 9y ago
        At the end of the day, net zero water is 'used' it is all returned to the ground. Its actually a strong net water savings: the production of electricity in Montana uses around 16 gallons of water per kilowatt hour.

obstinate 9y ago

"The price of tap water has risen faster than gold or real estate . . ." What an odd pair of benchmarks. We don't expect the prices of either of those items to rise particularly fast. What was the actual rate of increase in the price of tap water? According to the Case-Schiller index, national housing prices have roughly doubled in the last twenty years (I don't know if the index accounts for inflation). That doesn't seem like an extraordinary rate of increase for the price of tap water.

wyattpeak 9y ago
Prima facie we don't expect them to rise fast, but they are probably the two best-known things which have risen reasonably fast (at least in the popular consciousness) in the past twenty-odd years.

cryptarch 9y ago

Are there any "municipal heating" systems in the U.S.? It's popular in NL, the idea is basically hot (~70 degrees celcius) water being pumped from industrial areas (where it was used for cooling), to residential areas for cheap heating.

droidist2 9y ago
Yes, in New York City. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_steam_system https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_steam_system
- cryptarch 9y ago
  Wow, so that's why I've seen steam so often as an element of the NY landscape! Very cool, thank you.
abrowne 9y ago
There's one in downtown St. Paul, Minnesota¹, but AFAIK it only serves the downtown, i.e. large government and office buildings and hospitals. 1: http://www.districtenergy.com/ http://www.districtenergy.com/
aslkdjaslkdj 9y ago
It's how amazon is heating their new buildings in Seattle: http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2014/09/17/amazon-to-recycle-data-center-heat-in-seattle-offices/ http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2014/09/17/amazo...
- cryptarch 9y ago
  Bang! You're no longer dead! (maybe) That's exactly what I mean though you posted it with a click-baity lead-in.
  - Dylan16807 9y ago
    Click baity how? And that comment is valuable because it shows that it's feasible to do with data center water, which is much less hot than the industrial sources you mentioned.

phdp 9y ago

I think the biggest question here is how can a public municipality sign an NDA written by a private corporation?

anticedent 9y ago
Yeah, the proper response here is: NO U Especially when the entity requesting the valuable resource (water they don't yet have permission to use), is the one prompting for the NDA. Sorry, private corporation. Take your NDA elsewhere, and go swat at your lowly job applicants with it, as they grovel for permission to waste their youth away in your flourescent dungeons and air conditioned nightmares.
- posguy 9y ago
  Seriously, people should be protesting out front of the DNR for signing an NDA with Google over a request for public resources. Imagine if I went to go build a house and demanded the county & city sign NDAs covering all permits and plans for my building. They'd be having none of it, esp. since I'm not a massive company like Google.
pjc50 9y ago
This sort of thing happens all the time. You don't hear about it because .. it's under NDA.
trhway 9y ago
Cool way for a gov to hide a piece of info from disclosure to public - just make it a subject of NDA with some corp.
deleted 9y ago
[deleted]

paraboluh 9y ago

Why would anyone need to use potable water as a coolant, and why is potable water completely ruined and transformed into grey water by its use as a coolant?

homero 9y ago
It needs treatment so it doesn't destroy the pipes
- lucb1e 9y ago
  But it doesn't continuously need new water right? If I read the article correctly, it's not just once to fill the cooling system. That's what I don't get, seems hugely expensive and wasteful.
  - homero 9y ago
    It does to cool it, they put the heat into the ground. Nuclear plants similarly usually use ocean water. Imagine using your tap water for water cooling then it exits into the drain.
- nashashmi 9y ago
  Does it really? Cannot there be a separate water system for both operations? For example, for nuclear cooling, there is one pipe network that cools the steam, and another water system that cools the pipe network that cools the steam.

rmason 9y ago

It is not just South Carolina. My home state of Michigan probably has more fresh water than just about any other state but it still has become a political issue and not just in Flint. Giant Nestle is pumping tens of millions of gallons in a rural Northern Michigan county in exchange for a $200 yearly permit. Even though the promised jobs never materialized they want to pump even more water threatening the aquifer. The community and the state say no but Nestle is not backing down. http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2017/04/19/nestle-groundwater-michigan-great-lakes/100663218/ http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2017/04/19/ne...

acover 9y ago
The total ground water withdrawal in Michigan [mainly for agricultural use] is 98,000 Million gallons [1]. Why is Nestle extracting 100 Million a problem? [1] -http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdard/2015_MAEAP_Water_Use_Reporting_Annual_Report_517569_7.pdf http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdard/2015_MAEAP_Water_Use...
- justin66 9y ago
  You're comparing the usage of an entire state to the demands placed on a single aquifer.
  - acover 9y ago
    I agree. However that is not a price issue. Further the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality site specific review said it was okay. I am genuinely confused why people think this is an issue.
labster 9y ago
That is cheap. In California, those millions of gallons cost Nestlé $524 -- a 262% increase over Michigan. http://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/nestle-gets-away-pumping-californias-water-next-nothing/ http://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/nestle-gets-away-pumping-...

jsjohnst 9y ago

Google is continually touted as the industry leader in efficient DC design, yet they do wasteful operations like this. I just don't get it. On the other hand, Yahoo is constantly shat on (sometimes validly), yet they solved this years ago. Their Lockport, NY data center does not need air conditioning because of its design and the cool local weather. It uses 50 percent less electricity and 99 percent less water compared with traditional data centers.

jankey 9y ago
We are industry-leading efficient, the water is used for evaporative cooling, very efficient. Other sites use water from an industrial canal or cold sea water. Look here: https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/efficiency/internal/ https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/efficiency/internal... . PUE globally is 1.06, compared to Yahoo/Cap Gemini Lockports 1.08. (Disclaimer: I work in (another) Google datacentre.)
- jsjohnst 9y ago
  Respectfully, please correct me if I'm wrong, but PUE doesn't take into account water usage. So driving an extremely low PUE while wasting millions of gallons of water per day to do so and then touting that as a win, feels rather disingenuous to me. I love how you use things like seawater in Finland and non-potable water elsewhere, but don't claim this DC in SC is even remotely environmentally friendly when to save on electricity and keep your PUE low, you are using millions of gallons of drinking water per day.
  - Caveman_Coder 9y ago
    You are correct, PUE only looks at power efficiency, the metric Google uses for water is WUE. Also, like you said, these metrics only take into account the efficiency of the DC but fail to measure their ecological footprint.
  - jankey 9y ago
    I was replying to the parent on Google not being industry leading efficient and especially comparing to the Yahoo Lockport DC. But you're right, regarding to water usage we don't publish numbers (nor does anyone else afaik, I haven't found any WUE number for e.g. Amazon, Yahoo, Facebook...) so it's difficult to compare this to others. I am however confident that a lot of things have been considered and this was the best option, we have imho a good track record trying to do the best for the environment, a lot of attention is being paid to this internally. E.g. everything running on green electricity, which is not the cheapest.

Brandonknight 9y ago

I want to publicly thank Binaryreap3r for their professional ethical hacking service which is fast very impressive service. I'm happy to recommend to you. Has your Social account been attacked by a hacker? Do you need to get back into your Facebook, Twitter, Instagram or Google+ account?, Have you lost your email or social media password and want to crack/recover it from computers?. Are you being cyber stalked and wish to find the source and stop the cyber predator?, Have you been scammed online? Do you need to locate and report the perpetrator?. Do you want to encrypt your data and protect your sensitive informations?. Any social engineering problem you may have. I know a white hat hacker that delivers!. He helped out with an issue and I think he's good what he does. Contact binaryreap3r@gmail.com or text +16155497267 for all your professional hacking needs.

Brandonknight 9y ago

tinus_hn 9y ago

What happens to the water after it has been used to cool these servers? It's not as if it's used up, right?

macinjosh 9y ago

Pardon my naivety but I am curious why in use cases like this the same water can't be reused? My car uses the same coolant over and over. While that is an apples to oranges comparison couldn't the water be allowed to naturally cool after use in a covered retention pond and then be recycled into the cooling system? Is the water from the aquifer particularly cold to begin with?