Up until 2003, it really was this explicit: The University of Michigan used a 150-point scale to rank applicants, with 100 points needed to guarantee admission

Up until 2003, it really was this explicit: The University of Michigan used a 150-point scale to rank applicants, with 100 points needed to guarantee admission. The University gave underrepresented ethnic groups, including African-Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans, an automatic 20-point bonus towards their score, while a perfect SAT score was worth 12 points. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratz_v._Bollinger https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratz_v._Bollinger That got ruled unconstitutional, so now its implicit: Asian Americans, Lee says, are penalized by 50 points — in other words, they had to do that much better to win admission. http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-adv-asian-race-tutoring-20150222-story.html#page=1 http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-adv-asian-race...