Yes, the paper is about showing that you can do the equivalent of annotating stack frames for security in a language with tail calls. The same ideas work debugg

Yes, the paper is about showing that you can do the equivalent of annotating stack frames for security in a language with tail calls. The same ideas work debugging though. Basically, the key idea is that you can manage the debugging information yourself. So for simple tail recursion, you can have the first call push a marker on the stack and subsequent calls update a count on the marker (if you care about the depth). For more complicated interactions, you can record whatever debugging information you need, even a full stack by associating the information with a cell under the top-most stack frame. (Of course, this debugging information may grow with the depth of recursion, depending on whether you try to keep the full stack or not, but will still be more space efficient than keeping around all of the stack frames.) The main point is that keeping track of your execution context doesn't have to be done by walking the call stack, you just need to have a protocol for maintaining whatever state you want on entry/exit.