Also see papers like BlindROP: http://www.scs.stanford.edu/~sorbo/brop/bittau-brop.pdf http://www.scs.stanford.edu/~sorbo/brop/bittau-brop.pdf and Sigreturn ori

Also see papers like BlindROP: http://www.scs.stanford.edu/~sorbo/brop/bittau-brop.pdf http://www.scs.stanford.edu/~sorbo/brop/bittau-brop.pdf and Sigreturn oriented programming: https://www.cs.vu.nl/~herbertb/papers/srop_sp14.pdf https://www.cs.vu.nl/~herbertb/papers/srop_sp14.pdf to get a little bit more of the idea of how complicated ROP can actually get.