Buses bunch as they move further along the route as a consequence of having a dwell time (the time spent at the stop) that increases as a result of the number o

Buses bunch as they move further along the route as a consequence of having a dwell time (the time spent at the stop) that increases as a result of the number of passengers boarding at each stop increases AND having passengers arrive at each stop randomly. You can reduce bunching effects by: * loading passengers who have already paid through multiple doors like Curitiba which every transport engineer includes on their honeymoon :) * having passengers use smart cards rather than cash which is slower * running infrequent services so passengers read the timetable and do not arrive at the bus stop randomly as their is an incentive to be their at the timetabled time. The last method is obviously not acceptable in running a service but it highlights the curse of running frequent services. As frequency increases, people's behaviour moves to "turn up and go" rather than read a timetable and the buses bunch. So you in effect trade waiting time, waiting for a timetabled service for bunch delay time. Hence one good reason to go for smart cards or bus platforms where you pay prior to boarding the platform like a train station to speed up loading.