It is only circular if we define programming by reference to programming languages. To be honest, I am not sure precisely how I would define programming. A fi

It is only circular if we define programming by reference to programming languages. To be honest, I am not sure precisely how I would define programming. A first attempt would be "structuring events and computation, often by reference to future input". As with most definitions outside mathematics, it's going to be fuzzy. Edited to add: Note that with this framework, whether you are programming is not determined by what language you are using.