You still need root access to connect to an outside network interface from the userland stack, eg a raw socket... Linux has unpriveleged icmp sockets but no on

You still need root access to connect to an outside network interface from the userland stack, eg a raw socket... Linux has unpriveleged icmp sockets but no one has ever used them apparently - IPPROTO_ICMP eg see [1] [1] http://stackoverflow.com/questions/14018584/python-with-unprivileged-ping-in-linux-ipproto-icmp http://stackoverflow.com/questions/14018584/python-with-unpr...