For academics, for one possibility, look into B-schools: At the research universities, the B-school research requirement seems to be to publish nearly anything

For academics, for one possibility, look into B-schools: At the research universities, the B-school research requirement seems to be to publish nearly anything. Some of the journals popular in B-school publishing have not very high standards for quality. The B-schools are basically forced by some standards efforts to teach some courses that are essentially applied math. One might guess that the B-schools want to be professional or clinical but, instead, they tend to want to see themselves as applied social science, and social science has physics envy and wants to be mathematical. Their favorite math is linear statistics. So typically there's a lot of such statistics in the research at B-schools. And typically the B-school profs are not very good at math or statistics. B-schools also want to dabble in computing -- if you can teach some courses in computing, even as electives, then you might get liked for that. No doubt some B-schools would like someone who could teach courses in financial engineering, say, with Brownian motion, stochastic integration, Black-Scholes and generalizations -- basically the Brownian motion solution to the Dirichlet problem. So, if you like mathematical finance, then maybe teach it in a B-school. DC may still be a good area for applied math: So, submit a Civil Service application and also send copies to the usual suspects -- NIST, various DoE labs, various DoD labs, various groups interested in economics or mathematical finance, that is, maybe the Federal Reserve (also try the regional Fed banks), the Social Security Administration, etc. If you want, try NSA, CIA, DIA, FBI, etc. -- no telling what they might want to do with some applied math. Also try the JHU/APL. There have long been lots of Beltway Bandit shops because commonly Congress gives the departments of the Federal Government more money to spend than full time head count to spend it on so that a lot of the money and/or work goes through companies. E.g., Edward Snowden worked for Booz-Allen or some such. For technical jobs around DC, it used to be that the job ads in The Washington Post were good places to look. There is a chance that Google, Facebook, Yahoo and some others are interested in some projects that might be able to use some high end applied math. A problem may be that the other workers there are not very good at math and, really, make a mess out of the work, the opportunities, the positions, etc., and that can be bad for everyone. It's not clear that everything in mathematical finance is a rat race. I doubt that James Simons ran a rat race shop. Houston has some important slots for optimization, e.g., as in the work of Princeton Chem Eng prof Floudas. E.g., here's all the crude oil inputs we have available and the costs, and here's all the prices for all the possible refinery products. So, say what crude oil to buy and what products to sell to maximize earnings. That's an old problem, but likely people are still working on it. The airlines have some very serious problems in fleet and crew scheduling, and first cut it's integer linear programming. But with uncertainties, if you want to handle them at all realistically, the formulations and solutions can become challenging in all respects. A better solution can show its value just on the computer and get taken seriously. For some airline spending $100 million a month just on jet fuel, saving a few percent can pay for some nice computing, work, etc. Maybe look at what the operations research people are doing these days in scheduling for trucks, airplanes, cargo ships, etc. No doubt Amazon, Wal-Mart, etc. have some good problems that are generalization of the old transportation problem -- the one Kantorovich got a Nobel prize for. Now we regard that problem as least cost flows on a network and use the simplex algorithm to solve it and where a basic feasible solution corresponds to a spanning tree of arcs on the network. My view is that broadly now being handy with probability and probabilistic modeling of real situations is valuable, not that you can expect anyone else to know this so that, really, all you can sell are results, not the work. E.g., with the Kolmogorov definition of a random variable, a function from a measurable space to the reals measurable with respect to the Borel subsets of the reals and a sigma algebra on the measurable space, go get a number, any number, and then regard it as the value of a random variable, that is, intuitively, one number among others that might have been observed. Now you know the first step in analyzing any given data -- call each number the value of a random variable. Then look for some assumptions, independence, orthogonality, or other relationships among the random variables. Keep the weak law of large numbers at your side -- that is, get some independent, identically distributed samples and take an average. There's more! Uh, the set of all real valued random variables X so that E[X^2] is finite forms a Hilbert space. The inner product is (X,Y) = E[XY]. So, yup, that completeness holds is a bit amazing, but it does and the proof is mostly just the Minkowski inequality from the inner product. Then in a Hilbert space we can do projections, and they are approximations, e.g., least squares. Currently the Internet ad people and their ad targeting should be an opportunity to do some valuable applied math. For what to study beyond the usual ugrad and Master's pure/applied math, I'd say the math sciences, the math of operations research or systems analysis or electronic engineering. So, linear algebra, numerical linear algebra, linear systems of various kinds, optimization (linear, integer linear, non-linear, network linear programming), etc. My view is that soon computing will run aground due to running out of any additional utility from just their usual intuitive and heuristic approaches to solving practical problems and need math. But don't hold you breath. Maybe you can have a good, long term career, say, long enough to have kids and get them through college, at some one organization. Maybe. Maybe for some DoD lab. Maybe. Otherwise I have to suspect that in the end you will have to be a businessman where you think of the product/service, develop it, deliver it to your customers, and get the revenue. Then you get to use whatever math helps without trying to talk some non-mathematical manager into letting you try, and then you just deliver the results, not the math itself, to your customers. In the short term, I'd suggest get a job for a salary, keep one foot in pure/applied math, keep the other foot in computing, try to make a career out of the job, but really expect to have to do, and, thus, to look for a way to do, a startup based on applied math and computing. There you just use the math as an advantage, maybe the crucial core -- still the rest that is more routine is also important. For how "lucrative", essentially that's up to you! Broadly, can't really expect someone else to create a good job in applied math for you. Instead, you have to create the job you want and then take that job, do well with it, and build a career. You can do this starting a pizza shop; with math and computing, they should be advantages. E.g., with some abstract algebra applied to coding theory, A. Viterbi built Qualcomm. If you know someone who knows someone, then maybe could get into some niche slot somewhere, maybe on the staff of a committee of Congress.