Yes, ignoring that most people need a loop now and then, even pure NumPy-using code has a lot of potential. Consider "a + b + c + d". For large arrays, the pro

Yes, ignoring that most people need a loop now and then, even pure NumPy-using code has a lot of potential. Consider "a + b + c + d". For large arrays, the problem is that it creates many temporary results of same size as original arrays that must be streamed over the memory bus. And since FLOPs are free and your computation is limited by memory bandwidth, you pay a large penalty for using NumPy (that gets worse as expression gets more complex). Or "a + a.T"... here you can get lots of speedup using basic tiling techniques, to fully use cache lines rather than read a cache line only to get one number and discard it. And so on. For numeric computation, there are large gains (like 2-10x) from properly using the memory bus, that NumPy can't take advantage of. So you have projects like numexpr and Theano that mainly focus on speeding up non-loop NumPy-using code.