> In general, p-values are based on what would have happened under other possible data sets. As a hypothetical example, suppose a researcher is interested in ho

> In general, p-values are based on what would have happened under other possible data sets. As a hypothetical example, suppose a researcher is interested in how Democrats and Republicans perform differently in a short mathematics test when it is expressed in two different contexts, involving either healthcare or the military. [...] At this point a huge number of possible comparisons could be performed, all consistent with the researcher’s theory. For example, the null hypothesis could be rejected (with statistical significance) among men and not among women—explicable under the theory that men are more ideological than women. The meaning of a p-value is expressed in terms of what would have happened with a different data set, yes, but that different data set would have arisen through a different random sampling from the population. The explanation above seems to completely misunderstand the issue.