"Error are values", OK, but as a non-Go programmer, how do you handle idiomatically the most common case of wanting to bubble the error up the stack and turn it

"Error are values", OK, but as a non-Go programmer, how do you handle idiomatically the most common case of wanting to bubble the error up the stack and turn it into something human-readable? Bonus if you do not break encapsulation. Double bonus if you get a stack trace out of it.