Well, last I checked, the cost for an indirect function call for simple operations was about 5-10x compared to inlining. Each function call constitutes of at le

Well, last I checked, the cost for an indirect function call for simple operations was about 5-10x compared to inlining. Each function call constitutes of at least two branches - the call and return. Caller needs to preserve any registers that may be altered by the callee according to ABI conventions. Same for callee. That is for correctly branch predicted calls. Far worse for mispredicted calls. > If the inner loop loops over objects of different class (i.e. you're looping over an array of objects, each can be a different sub-class, and you're calling a virtual method), I don't think there is any way to improve vtable based approach. Say 90% of the objects are of certain same type and the code generator knows that. Codegen puts the test for this case as first one and inlines the code directly in the loop body. Then you can at least have those 5-10x savings in 90% of cases and have branch mispredicts for the rest of the time. That can still be a significant saving.