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You need to eventually be side-effectful, but that doesn't mean you need to start side-effectful. The :dependencies in a Leiningen project map are just a data s

You need to eventually be side-effectful, but that doesn't mean you need to start side-effectful. The :dependencies in a Leiningen project map are just a data structure until they're passed to eval-in-project, which happens at the end of a chain functional operations. One of the core ideas of Clojure is that we should try to favour simple solutions over complex ones. Side-effectful functions are the some of the most complex tools we have, and while they are necessary eventually, it would be nice to have the majority of the code-base work with simple data structures, and push out the complexity of I/O to the edges of the application.

brandonbloom 12y ago
Side-effects aren't necessarily bad, it's composability that is good. Purity is a composable property, but there are plenty of composable side-effects. For example, let's ignore all other effects besides file IO (especially ignoring internet IO). Further, let's assume that our only IO operations are `(read path) => data` and `(write path data) => nil`. Let's also assume that both of these operations are atomic (ie you can't perceive a half-written file). If a build task attempts to read a file that doesn't exist, that task pauses itself. When a file is written, any task waiting on the file are resumed. If you re-write a file, it has to exactly match the already written file, or the build fails. To kick-off a build, you wait on one or more files and then start one or more tasks. Viewed this way, the file-system is a monotonic logic variable. Yes, the programming model is effectful, but there is a composable property: build repeatability. Just as you can compose arbitrary pure functions and get a pure function out, you can take any two arbitrary graphs of these constrained IO build tasks, compose them together, and the resulting larger graph will also be a repeatable build.
- weavejester 12y ago
  There's certainly a lot you can do to constrain I/O, but removing side-effects when possible will always be better than merely restricting them. I do like the idea of immutable files and repeatable builds, but I don't think this negates the benefits of maximising the time you spend working with data. For instance, there might be a task that automatically cleans up some files, but you want to keep those files around. If the tasks produce data structures that describe the build process, it's much easier to intercept and prevent or reorder the cleanup process. Functions, especially ones that are Turing-complete, are notoriously opaque.
  - brandonbloom 12y ago
    > removing side-effects when possible will always be better than merely restricting them I disagree. Effects are a very natural mental model for a great deal of problems and constraining yourself to purity is both impractical and quickly experiences diminishing returns. Furthermore, if you can intercept effects, you can impose purity upon them. For an extreme example, consider application virtualization and containers such as Docker. By intercepting the system call table, you can create a "pure" filesystem from the view outside the container. At the other extreme, take a look at "extensible effects" and the Eff language, which lets you stub any subset of the effects available down to the individual expression! > If the tasks produce data structures that describe the build process, it's much easier to intercept and prevent or reorder the cleanup process. If you intercept all file IO, you can recover the same data. The only difference is whether or not you know that data upfront. > Functions, especially ones that are Turing-complete, are notoriously opaque. This is true! However, there are a great many build processes that do not know what they depend on or what they will produce until they do some Turing-equivalent work. For example, scanning a C header to find #include statements. Rather than try to shoehorn all data in to a declarative model, we need both 1) fully declarative and 2) the ability to recover a declaration from the trace of an imperative. An example of this trick, employed manually, is the notorious .d Makefiles. The C compiler finds all the dependencies, produces a submake file with the .d extension, then make-restarts recursively using the new .d file as part of the dependency graph. However, it's a very unnatural way to think about the problem and it leads to complex multi-pass build processes that are necessarily slower. Instead, the dependency graph could be produced as a side-effect of simply doing the compilation and that graph could be used as part of a higher-level declarative framework.
    - weavejester 12y ago
      > Effects are a very natural mental model for a great deal of problems and constraining yourself to purity is both impractical and quickly experiences diminishing returns. I can't personally recall a problem where purity was feasible but impractical, though I can think of a few examples of the opposite. > If you intercept all file IO, you can recover the same data. Yes, if you record all I/O, you could restore files that have been deleted by a previous task. However, it seems rather more elegant, and more efficient, to prevent the files from being deleted in the first place. > Rather than try to shoehorn all data in to a declarative model That isn't what I'm trying to say. There will inevitably be some cases where you need side-effectful I/O. It's more that I'd rather see a solution start simple and pull in complexity as necessary, rather than start complex and attempt to work back to simplicity with constraints.

brandonbloom 12y ago

Side-effects aren't necessarily bad, it's composability that is good. Purity is a composable property, but there are plenty of composable side-effects. For example, let's ignore all other effects besides file IO (especially ignoring internet IO). Further, let's assume that our only IO operations are `(read path) => data` and `(write path data) => nil`. Let's also assume that both of these operations are atomic (ie you can't perceive a half-written file). If a build task attempts to read a file that doesn't exist, that task pauses itself. When a file is written, any task waiting on the file are resumed. If you re-write a file, it has to exactly match the already written file, or the build fails. To kick-off a build, you wait on one or more files and then start one or more tasks. Viewed this way, the file-system is a monotonic logic variable. Yes, the programming model is effectful, but there is a composable property: build repeatability. Just as you can compose arbitrary pure functions and get a pure function out, you can take any two arbitrary graphs of these constrained IO build tasks, compose them together, and the resulting larger graph will also be a repeatable build.

weavejester 12y ago
There's certainly a lot you can do to constrain I/O, but removing side-effects when possible will always be better than merely restricting them. I do like the idea of immutable files and repeatable builds, but I don't think this negates the benefits of maximising the time you spend working with data. For instance, there might be a task that automatically cleans up some files, but you want to keep those files around. If the tasks produce data structures that describe the build process, it's much easier to intercept and prevent or reorder the cleanup process. Functions, especially ones that are Turing-complete, are notoriously opaque.
- brandonbloom 12y ago
  > removing side-effects when possible will always be better than merely restricting them I disagree. Effects are a very natural mental model for a great deal of problems and constraining yourself to purity is both impractical and quickly experiences diminishing returns. Furthermore, if you can intercept effects, you can impose purity upon them. For an extreme example, consider application virtualization and containers such as Docker. By intercepting the system call table, you can create a "pure" filesystem from the view outside the container. At the other extreme, take a look at "extensible effects" and the Eff language, which lets you stub any subset of the effects available down to the individual expression! > If the tasks produce data structures that describe the build process, it's much easier to intercept and prevent or reorder the cleanup process. If you intercept all file IO, you can recover the same data. The only difference is whether or not you know that data upfront. > Functions, especially ones that are Turing-complete, are notoriously opaque. This is true! However, there are a great many build processes that do not know what they depend on or what they will produce until they do some Turing-equivalent work. For example, scanning a C header to find #include statements. Rather than try to shoehorn all data in to a declarative model, we need both 1) fully declarative and 2) the ability to recover a declaration from the trace of an imperative. An example of this trick, employed manually, is the notorious .d Makefiles. The C compiler finds all the dependencies, produces a submake file with the .d extension, then make-restarts recursively using the new .d file as part of the dependency graph. However, it's a very unnatural way to think about the problem and it leads to complex multi-pass build processes that are necessarily slower. Instead, the dependency graph could be produced as a side-effect of simply doing the compilation and that graph could be used as part of a higher-level declarative framework.
  - weavejester 12y ago
    > Effects are a very natural mental model for a great deal of problems and constraining yourself to purity is both impractical and quickly experiences diminishing returns. I can't personally recall a problem where purity was feasible but impractical, though I can think of a few examples of the opposite. > If you intercept all file IO, you can recover the same data. Yes, if you record all I/O, you could restore files that have been deleted by a previous task. However, it seems rather more elegant, and more efficient, to prevent the files from being deleted in the first place. > Rather than try to shoehorn all data in to a declarative model That isn't what I'm trying to say. There will inevitably be some cases where you need side-effectful I/O. It's more that I'd rather see a solution start simple and pull in complexity as necessary, rather than start complex and attempt to work back to simplicity with constraints.