Thread-level speculation is exploiting ILP. In some contexts it's compiler-assisted but in this context I would imagine it is fully microarchitectural (i.e., in

Thread-level speculation is exploiting ILP. In some contexts it's compiler-assisted but in this context I would imagine it is fully microarchitectural (i.e., in hardware/translation firmware, running a single instruction stream of user code, invisible to the user). Dynamic multithreading (Akkary 1998?) did this by splitting the thread at predictable points like function calls/returns and (IIRC) backward branches. So it's still ILP within a single thread, but at a much longer distance than what an OoO scheduling window provides.