Common Lisp implementation also tend to not use VMs too much nowadays. GNU CLISP has a VM. ABCL runs on top of the JVM. CMUCL can run on a VM. But that's mostly

Common Lisp implementation also tend to not use VMs too much nowadays. GNU CLISP has a VM. ABCL runs on top of the JVM. CMUCL can run on a VM. But that's mostly it. The rest uses native code, either directly or via C.