This is eventually going to be solved to a large degree by things like FIDO Universal 2-Factor dongles or whatever they evolve into over the next few years. It

This is eventually going to be solved to a large degree by things like FIDO Universal 2-Factor dongles or whatever they evolve into over the next few years. It'll basically push specialized requirements to the hardware dongle (ie deciding whether it's enough to confirm user registration/authorization with the touch of a buttom, or whether it needs to be with a 4 digit pin, or even with biometrics like voice or fingerprint or iris scan). The test device in the following presentation video only uses a button press to confirm user intent, but it could have arbitrary requirements, making the protocol usable for both trivial website logins to online banking to eventually perhaps even a replacement for defense department CACs. Here's a good fairly in-depth video presentation of what the FIDO Alliance is working on (there are functional test devices, and a functional test branch of Chrome that works with them): http://www.yubico.com/2014/07/future-online-authentication/ http://www.yubico.com/2014/07/future-online-authentication/