The article says: "A tendency toward underestimation of effort is particularly present in price-competitive situations, such as bidding rounds. In less price-c

The article says: "A tendency toward underestimation of effort is particularly present in price-competitive situations, such as bidding rounds. In less price-competitive contexts, such as inhouse software development, there are no such tendencies - in fact, you might even see the opposite. This suggests that a main reason for effort overruns is that clients tend to focus on low price when selecting software providers - that is, the project proposals that underestimate effort are more likely to be started. " Is that really correct? Are there studies that shows that inhouse projects (or not fixed-price projects) do not underestimate systematically as opposed to fixed-price client projects?