See the paper linked in the post below. It deals with exactly that 'economic approach' in addition to traditional repositioning with trucks. But with positive c

See the paper linked in the post below. It deals with exactly that 'economic approach' in addition to traditional repositioning with trucks. But with positive customer incentives instead of added costs. There's a freely accessible preprint on arxiv under the same title if you cannot cross the paywall. By the way, incentives do not need to be monetary. In Paris, they give people free minutes for driving bikes to stations that are uphill...