There are two in-browser editors available from OSM itself, and the site includes tutorials. I've used iD in Chromium on Ubuntu so I'm optimistic that you could

There are two in-browser editors available from OSM itself, and the site includes tutorials. I've used iD in Chromium on Ubuntu so I'm optimistic that you could use it with Debian. For new lines/nodes you can trace over satellite images and/or upload GPS tracks and trace over them. You can also add metadata to existing data - eg mark a road as one-way for motor vehicles.