10-20 million is nowhere close. A single moderate size monkey study costs around $900,000 at a CRO (because most pharma companies don't have their own NHP facil

10-20 million is nowhere close. A single moderate size monkey study costs around $900,000 at a CRO (because most pharma companies don't have their own NHP facilities). This paper [1] places it between $500 million and $2 billion, but it apparently uses a source of self-reported data from the industry. Phase 3 studies are often in the hundreds of millions of dollars range, because they have to basically pay for a thousand or more subjects to have Rx-quality drug and intermittent medical care for several years. [1] http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/25/2/420 http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/25/2/420