The result of the #class method does not _fully_ encapsulate an object's type (e.g. #extend, #define_singleton_method, etc may have been used to modify the obje

The result of the #class method does not _fully_ encapsulate an object's type (e.g. #extend, #define_singleton_method, etc may have been used to modify the object's type) but every Ruby expression does have a type in exactly the sense as used when talking about static typing; the only difference is when you can (in general) determine that type. The #class method is not orthogonal to type, it is merely incomplete.